Cognitive Archetypes, Acculturation and Social Coping Trends among Small Scale Muslim Merchants in A Public Market in the Philippines

Muslim settlers in Laguna, Philippines has increased over the years, thus it is important to understand their dominant cognitive archetypes that may be credited for their vulnerability to acquire behavior from their new environment. This could enable them to utilize the best coping strategy. Although a considerable review of literature and studies exist about archetypes, acculturation and social coping trends of individuals, scant attention has been given to Muslim migrants especially in the context of trade and business in local public market. This descriptive-correlational study determined how the cognitive archetypes of 110 randomly selected Muslim merchants are related to their level of acculturation and to their central social coping trend, and how their level of acculturation is related to their central social coping trend. Findings revealed that the respondents manifested the Great Mother archetype, have low level of acculturation and utilized the moving-away-from-people social coping trend. Moreover, rest of relationship revealed that the lower the respondents’ level of acculturation, the more they tend to move away from people displaying the detached type of personality.


Introduction
Due to the modern era of globalization as well as inter-racial and religious conflicts, Muslim migrants are now seen settling in different areas all over the world (Inglehart & Norris, 2009 . The presence of Muslims migrants had sparked debate, controversy, fear and even hatred (Khader, 2016). Even before the arrival of Spanish colonizers and Roman Catholicism in the Philippines, Islam was already present in the country. Introduced by Muslim traders in southern Philippines in the 14th century, Islam's influence had once spread north to Manila. Many centuries later, Islam continues to be an integral part of Philippine history and culture (Bueza, 2015). In some countries, concerns about Islam immigrants were being raised. In fact, integration of Muslim immigrants has become an increasingly important policy issue in Europe and North America over the last twenty years due to marked growth in the number of Muslim immigrants, the refugee crisis, and the current geopolitical turbulence between Western nations and political Islamist groups (Liebert et. al., 2020). In a study by Salma and Salami (2020), not all Muslim immigrants who participated in the study reported feelings of isolation and loneliness in their host country because many of them are able to adopt proactive counter measures. Understanding how people behave in certain way has always been of great interest among researchers.
Numerous researches have revealed that an individual's personality does not only concentrate on personal identity alone. Although it is true that we have our own view of our self, there is also the social identity which encompass the social component of who we are. This might include the social roles that we play, the influences from the people around us, and our cultural values which in one way or another contribute to our sense of self (Swann & Bosson, 2008;Bodycott, 2015). Another leading school of thought in understanding one's personality is the existence of one's collective unconscious that house primordial images such as the archetypes (Burger, 2012). Cognitive archetype is sophisticated framework that typifies human behavior that makes them unique in their own way (Narang, et.al., 2019).
The term "archetype" has its origins in ancient Greek. The root words are archein, which means "original or old"; and typos, which means "pattern, model or type". Carl Gustav Jung, a known psychodynamic theorist popularized the use of archetype in understanding human psyche. He believed that universal, mythic character-archetypes reside within the collective unconscious of people all over the world. These archetypes are considered as the themes of our experience and that they evoke deep emotions. Each type has its own set of values, meanings and personality traits and that one or combination of it, tends to dominate one's personality in general (Golden, 2013). Archetypes guide people's every action and decision by embodying characteristic motives and qualities associated to it (Munteanua, Costeaa, Palosa, & Jinaru, 2010). Additionally, archetypes are the means of action and may take the form of images, dreams, or they are a stimulus to a specific action. Jung says that dreams are archetypal guidance and are the wisdom of past generations (Adamski, 2011). This study focused on the five cognitive archetypes that might apply to the dominant personality traits of the respondents. These are the (1) Wise old man archetype which is stoic and contemplative, wise but in no hurry; the (2) Hero who are typically strong and perseverant, with boundless ambition; the (3) Caregiver who are typically compassionate and caring, always putting the needs of others before themselves; the (4) Great Father who are typically a keeper of order and sanity; and the (5) Great Mother who typifies those who are intuitive, empathic and always ready to listen (Golden, 2013).
For researchers in the field of personality psychology, it is interesting to know if it is possible that people's dominant cognitive archetype could be directly linked to some other traits and tendencies they manifest. The study of Munteanu et al., (2010), proves this by concluding that dominant archetype is linked with several personality types. Another on how the cognitive archetypes could be driving force to direct one's individuality was the one conducted by Jamalinesari & Feilinez (2015) had who concluded that men's archetype drives them to continuously search for meaning and sense of self. Will this be the case for the Muslim migrants in the municipality of Binan?
It is quite ordinary to see people opt to settle in places away from their native land, and respondents of this study are perfect example. As expected, they are exposed to traditions, cultures and beliefs which may be quite different from what they are accustomed to. This is where the acculturation comes in. Acculturation in a concept introduced by Schumann (1986) as cited in Zaker (2016) which involves the process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. True enough, when one decided to transfer his residence, a sort of acculturation could possibly change place changing some of his lifestyle, his language, and even his beliefs. In a clear sense of it, the word 'acculturation' is the act of that transition (McCallister, 2018). At some point, a certain degree of transition in one's lifestyle may result to acculturative stress, which could be overcome based on one's orientation and social support. In a study conducted by Sullivan and Kashubeck-West (2015), they found out that international students with broad-based social support and an integration approach to acculturation experienced lower levels of acculturative stress. Another factor that may be related to immigrants' level of acculturation would be their cultural rootedness. The study of Lee and Negrelli (2018) stressed that cultural identification that is rooted in one's cognition, emotion and behavior are significant factors that might affect one's degree of acculturation.
As to be expected, migrants are faced with a lot of challenges and difficulties which could possibly lead to anxiety and conflicts (Bazezew & Neka, 2017). In some cases, racial isolation as experienced by some migrants might also result to poor performance (Sharma, et.al., 2014). This is where social coping trends would come to play (Harlow, 2016). There are those who move toward other people and capitalize on dependence. They seek affection and approval from others and avoids aggression, thus manifests compliant personality. Yet another coping trend is moving away from others and removes themselves from the source of anxiety. This detachment rooted from their belief that the world will disappoint them so they withdraw from it. Lastly, there are those individuals who move against others as a form of solutions to their problems and that power, prestige and admiration is important to them (Harris, 2016). One's social coping trend might affect one's tendency to cope with conflict and even depression as concluded by Eberhart and Hammen (2010). On such premise, it is important to improve coping trends to improve one's behavior (Tessier, Sarrazin & Sarrazin, 2010).
This study was anchored on the Evolutionary Theory of Personality proposed by David Buss (Buss, 2009). Buss's definition of personality was derived from the evolutionary perspective of psychological thought and behavior. He defines personality as an adaptive process which is an evolved strategy that solve important survival and/or reproductive problems (Masanda, 2018). With the predominant personality traits and tendencies rooted in people's cognitive archetypes, people manifest individual differences that could be credited for people's vulnerability to acquire new culture from their new environment (Buss & Hawley, 2011). This in turn will enable them to utilize what they believe is the best coping strategy to be used.
Due to globalization and migration processes, there is a need to assess migrants' personality functioning so they be better live in their new environments (Ziegenbein et al., 2008). There are a number of reasons why some Muslims from Mindanao opted to settle in Laguna, top of which are political and social developments (Fassaert et al., 2011). This is true to the case of the Muslim merchants who resettle in Binan, along with the belief that better economic opportunities are in such province. Although numerous studies on acculturation and coping trends are available, there is none that concentrates on the cognitive archetypes and how it could be related to the tendency of migrants to acquire new culture in turn, would enable them to cope with their new environment.
The goal of this research is to shed light on the following concerns: ▪ Identify the respondents' cognitive archetype in terms of (1) Wise old man-Stoic; (2) Hero; (3) Caregiver; (4) Great father: and (5) Great mother. ▪ Identify the respondents' level of acculturation,; ▪ Determine their central social coping trend along (1) Moving towards people (compliant personality); (2) Moving against people (aggressive personality), and (3) Moving away from people (detached personality. ▪ Identify how the respondents' cognitive archetypes significantly relate to their level of acculturation and to their central social coping trend; and ▪ Find out how the respondents' level of acculturation significantly relates to their central social coping trend.

Materials and Methods
The respondents of this descriptive-correlational study were 110 out of 330 Muslims who were purposively chosen since they fit the criteria of being residents of Binan, Laguna, have small scale business based in Binan Public Market and had been operating their business for about 5 to 10 years. Vendors were classified according to the type of products they sell. Random selection was employed for the respondents who were grouped as to garments, footwear and mobile gadgets. Proportional sampling was utilized for distributing research instruments to 110 respondents, with 37 each for the first two groups and 36 for the last. Simple lottery method was used to select the actual respondents. The researcher used a questionnaire for the purpose of collecting the needed data. It was divided into two (3) parts: part 1 identified the respondents' cognitive archetype as to wise old man, hero, caregiver, great father, and great mother with 5 indicators for each archetype; part 2 measured the respondents' level of acculturation with 15 indicators and part 3 focused on the respondents' central social coping trends in terms of moving towards people (compliant personality), against people (aggressive personality), and away from people (detached personality). To ensure validity, the instrument was validated by experts in psychology, research and statistics and yielded a reliability Cronbach's Alpha result of 0.713.
The questionnaire was considered as the most appropriate data-gathering instrument for this descriptive research study. Respondents were being oriented on the nature and depth of the study. After they expressed their consent to participate of the study they were given direction on how to respond to the instrument and they were assured of the confidentiality of their responses. After the respondents accomplished the questionnaire, the researcher retrieved them. Data were then tallied, statistically treated, analyzed and interpreted.
Weighted mean was used to describe the respondents' cognitive archetypes, their level of acculturation, and their central social coping trend. The following measures were used for the respondents' cognitive archetypes and their central social coping trends: (4) 3.51-4.00 for very true of me, (3) 2.51-3.50 for true of me, (2) 1.51-2.50 for untrue of me and (1) 1.00-1.50 for very untrue of me. For the respondents' level of acculturation, the following measures and interpretations were used: (4) 3.51-4.00 for very true of me/Very High Level, (3) 2.51-3.50 for true of me/High Level, (2) 1.51-2.50 for untrue of me/ Low Level and (1) 1.00-1.50 for very untrue of me/Very Low Level. Pearson r was used to determine the relationship between their cognitive archetype and their level of acculturation, their cognitive archetypes and their central social coping trend, and their level of acculturation and their central social coping trend.

Results and Discussions
Discussion of the respondents' cognitive archetypes, their level of acculturation, their central social coping trends and the relationship among them are presented in the succeeding paragraphs. True of me Table 1 shows the respondents' cognitive archetypes. It showed that the respondents claimed that they primarily possess the cognitive archetype of being Great Mother, having obtained the highest average weighted mean of 3.19 interpreted as true of me. Highest among the indicators were the items "I'm a person who easily feels what other people are feeling: and "I am good at sensing when people are going through difficult times" (χ 3.21) interpreted as true of me. Second highest cognitive archetype shown by the respondents were the Wise Old Man and Hero with an average weighted mean of 3.17 respectively, both interpreted as true of me while last in rank is Caregiver with an average of 3.06 interpreted as true of me With the Great Mother as the dominant cognitive archetype displayed by the respondents, they have the tendency to manifest essential traits of mothers such as their cherishing and nourishing goodness who shows genuine empathy (Purrington, 2019). It was mentioned in the study of Villate (2012) that each archetype has an associated task which serve specific purpose for the individual, like the Great Mother archetype whose accompanied by the gift of compassion and altruism. In the case of migrants, it is important to support each other highlighting important values such as empathy, respect, acceptance and appreciation (Juaseekoon, et.al.,2017). On the respondents' level of acculturation, the table shows that 8 among the 15indicators were true (high level of acculturation) to the respondents while the remaining indicators were either untrue or very untrue (low or very low level of acculturation) to the respondents. True to the respondents were the indicators "I see myself comfortably living in Binan for the next 10 years" and "I can comfortably crack jokes with the residents of Binan" being both on top rank with an average weighted mean of 2.99 verbally interpreted as high level of acculturation. Very untrue to the respondents were the indicators "I learn to adapt to the values and principles of the residents in Binan" and "I can discuss some of my personal concerns with my friends in Binan" having obtained the weighted mean of 1.29 and 1.18 respectively verbally interpreted as very low. The average weighted mean of 2.35 (untrue of me) implied that the respondents had low level of acculturation. This means that the respondents did not necessarily embrace the changes even they are in contact with culturally different people of social influences (Schwartz, et.al., 2010). Frazer et.al. (2017) mentioned in their study the concept of acculturation dissonance or discrepant family cultural orientations. It was further argued that it could be difficult and challenging for immigrants to retain their native cultural values while attaining cultural compatibility to their host culture (Telzer, 2011).  Table 3 presents the respondents' central social coping trend. Having obtained the highest mean of 2.78 (true of me), the respondents claimed that they primarily possess the detached type of personality who tends to move away from people as their central social coping trend. Highest among the indicators is the item "I believe it is important to know everything you need to know so you can manage your own life" with a weighted mean of 2.86 verbally interpreted as true of me. The second central social coping trend employed by the respondents was to move towards people displaying the compliant type of personality with an average weighted mean of 2.72 (true of me). Highest among its indicators was "I am submissive to people who are in control of the situations" with 2.88 weighted mean verbally interpreted as true of me. The respondents do not utilize the moving-against-people social coping trend or aggressive personality since it obtained an average weighted mean of 2.30 interpreted as untrue of me.
With the central social coping trend Moving Away from People, the respondents manifested tendency to be independent and self-sufficient due to neurotic fear that intimate relationship could possibly lead to loss of identity and individuality (Nettman, 2013). The study of Polek et.al., (2011) examined migrant personality using the attachment framework. Upon comparing the personality of immigrants versus non-immigrants, they found out that immigrants are more secure and more dismissing compared to non-immigrants. Significance level @ 0.05 Table 4 shoes the relationship between the respondents' cognitive archetypes and their level of acculturation. All the respondents' cognitive archetypes Wise Old Man (p=0.963), Hero (p=0.422), Caregiver (p=0.603), Great Father (p=0.121), and Great Mother (p=0.360) were not significantly related to their level of acculturation as shown in their computed p values which are all higher than 0.05 level of significance. This indicates that the level of acculturation of the respondents is not dependent on whatever cognitive archetypes the respondents are manifesting.
Researches on the role of personality traits in acculturation show a number of contradictory findings (Kosic, 2006). The study of Bryant (2007) stated that the experience of immigration is not only due to one's personality but to the interaction of psychological, developmental and socio-cultural processes. Significance level @ 0.05 Table 5 shows the relationship between the respondents' cognitive archetypes and their central social coping trends. It clearly shows that all the computed p values of the respondents' cognitive archetypes vis-à-vis their central social coping trend Moving Towards People ranged from 0.077 to 0.276 were all higher than 0.05 level of significance indicating no correlation. Same is true with the central social coping trend Moving Against People (p= 0.671 to 0.937) and Moving Away from People (p= 0.148 to 0.572) all higher than 0.05 level of significance. Such data clearly shows that the respondents' central social coping trend is not dependent to their cognitive archetypes. This result contradicts the result of the study conducted by Eksi (2010) who found out that personality traits are related to the subjects' coping trend.  Table 6 shows the relationship between the respondents' level of acculturation and their central social coping trends. Both the central social coping trends Moving Towards People and Moving Against People obtained p values of 0.123 and 0.695 respectively indicating no significant relationship. On the other hand, the respondents' level of acculturation is inversely correlated to their central social coping trend Moving Away from People as shown in the computed p value of 0.026 which is lower than 0.05 level of significance. This means the lower the respondents' level of acculturation, the more they tend to move away from people displaying the detached type of personality. Schmitz (1994) as cited by Jasinskaja-Lahti et. al (2003) emphasized that acculturation is related to variety of personality characteristics which eventually might be related to coping styles and health behaviors.

Conclusions and Recommendations
After analyzing the significant findings, the following conclusions were draws: the respondents' dominant cognitive archetype is Great Mother meaning they have the tendency to manifest essential traits of mothers such as their cherishing and nourishing goodness who shows genuine empathy (Schwartz, et. al., 2010); they have low level of acculturation meaning they did not necessarily embrace the changes even they are in contact with culturally different people of social influences (Michalski & Shackelford, 2010); they utilized the central social coping trend Moving Away from People or Detached personality which implies that the respondents manifested tendency to be independent and self-sufficient due to neurotic fear that intimate relationship could possibly lead to loss of identity and individuality (Nettman, 2013). It was also shown that the level of acculturation of the respondents was not dependent on their cognitive archetypes and that their central social coping trend is also not dependent to their cognitive archetypes. On the other hand, a significant relationship was noted between the respondents' level of acculturation and their central social coping trend Moving Away from People which indicated that the lower the respondents' level of acculturation, the more they tend to move away from people displaying the detached type of personality.
Economic, political, and social challenges are forcing people to seek refuge in places and circumstances where they feel opportunities might work to their advantage. But immigration challenges might take its toll on individuals who are not prepared and not resilient enough to cope with such struggles. An understanding of immigrants' uniqueness and complexities is needed to empower these people. This study supports that idea of the evolutionary theory that Muslim immigrants possess an adaptive process which is an evolved strategy that solve important survival and/or reproductive problems. Having insights about relevant coping mechanism and strategies is also beneficial for this will serve as a motivation for other who also facing the same challenges. Hence, this study could be an addition to the many resources that aims to uplift the morale of immigrants worldwide.
It is important that Muslim immigrants continuously look after and care for each other especially in an environment quite different from where they use to reside. It is also important for them to contribute in their own way by showing their attachment and loyalty to their new home. The locals of Binan on the other hand need to be more accepting by recognizing and appreciating diversity and show an inclusive understanding of Muslim identity. Local social service personnel or even municipal personnel are also expected to extend assistance to the Muslim community by establishing and implementing stress-copingacculturation-adaptation framework that will meet the needs of these migrants. Lastly, a further study on the attitudes and behaviors of locals towards the Muslim migrants should also be conducted, for through its results will pave the way for a more positive relationship.