An Approach to Address Sexual Misconduct Through the Lessons Found in The Stories of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Lu? in The Quran

Issues related to sexual misconduct have always been one of the factors causing breakdown of values and moral. This problem occurs not only in Malaysia, but in almost every country in the world. However, perspective on sexual misconduct might vary according to race, customs, and countries. Consequently, this study focuses on the issues of sexual misconduct from the Islamic perspective by evaluating them based on the Quranic sources in view of its relation with an element of maqāṣid al-sharī'ah, i.e. the Protection of Lineage, which has always been stressed in Islamic law. This study purports to identify the factors contributing to sexual misconduct during the time of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ, as well as emphasizing on the ways to solve these symptoms through ibrah (lessons) found in the Quran. Data collection is from secondary resources on the basis of literature studies and the collected data were analysed using content analysis. The findings showed five main factors of sexual misconduct; they are attraction towards physical appearance, seduction, existing opportunity, ignorance, and temptation of unnatural desire. The approach to address these issues involve outward methods such as giving advice and da’wah (call toward God) in wise manner. While spiritually, dependency on Allah through prayers and tawakkul (reliance) is continually practised as the main basis of submission to Him. Such methods that have been utilized to address sexual misconduct are still relevant to be implemented and applied in our times, specifically in our country, in order to curb and curtail the problem as well as safeguard the well-being of the ummah and the nation.


Introduction
Currently, the challenges of globalised world have given rise to many social issues that cross all walks of life, regardless of age. Knowledge and information channels are available in various forms and topics. Contributions of science and technology are immense and they provides input data for everyone. However, how one uses and understands the information received depends upon his application of knowledge, either for beneficial purpose or otherwise. This, in the end, will affect one's behaviour, character and moral. Alongside that, changes in character and moral are highly related to the application of education. According to Salleh (2008), education is a continuous process of moulding people toward a more meaningful life in the world and the hereafter. The result of education is when one obtains knowledge, and with that knowledge, he determines the values and beliefs that he will hold to, until they develop as a resolve. The determination that is based on the values of education pushes someone to act according to his duties and obligations as the vicegerent of Allah in this world.
Based on the Cabinet Committee Report 1979, the concept of education in Malaysia is aimed at promoting cultural, social, economic, and political development of the nation and the country as a whole. The purpose is to expedite and reinforce the ambitions of national unity, as well as creating a united, disciplined, and well-trained society in line with national development goals (Salleh, 2008). Sex education at school level is one of the factors that contributed to students' understanding of matters related to sex. Sex education refers to a formal course that teaches about human reproductive system, introduced in classrooms or at school. Sex education works as a tool of understanding oneself from sexual point of view and it made one aware about what has taken place in the course of his development from birth until adulthood (Salleh at el., 2006).
In relation to the above, sex education must be taught at all school levels so the correct perspective about sex can be delivered. Undeniably, the children and teenagers can explore these information through websites, but the concern arise whether they will be used correctly or otherwise, which in the end might cause harm to these younger generations. Other than that, as much as nine percent from total students in remove classes in the country is found to be sexually active (Razali, 2019). However, according to Arifin (2019), some parents are concerned about the application of sex education among children because to them, it is something inappropriate for discussion. Yet, the reality shows that sex education can address the symptoms of sexual misconduct because nowadays our children and teenagers are largely influenced by many prevailing trends such as online relationship, pornography, and delivery of obscene images electronically.
According to Chuan (2008), formal information regarding sex can only be found in science and biology textbooks. Meanwhile developed countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Britain, and United States has been teaching sex education for a considerable time since it can generally provide information on biological, psychological, and psychosocial changes resulting from human growth and development. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the awareness was also created by indirect conversation with peers or information obtained in the news which were channelled through mass media such as television, radio, Internet, newspapers, etc. Moreover among the teenagers, there are those who obtain information regarding sexuality from their friends, boyfriend/girlfriends, and also via pornography video channels (Rahman, 2020). Rhetorically, all parties in various situations did contribute information on sexuality here and around in the society, both formally and informally.
Subsequent to that, this study will identify the factors of sexual misconduct during the time of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ while exploring the approach used to address the problem. The definition of sexual misconduct in this discussion is the sexual relationships that fall outside the boundary of sharī'ah (Mohammed, 2007). The study will only focus on the situations occurred during the time of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ based on Quranic texts. The scope of the discussion is not merely limited to the occurrences themselves, but will also touch on the reasons why they happened, as well as the approaches that should be taken to solve the issues. To complement the study, the researchers collected secondary resources data based on some authoritative documents found during literature research. The obtained data will be analysed based on content analysis method.

The Issues of Sexual Misconduct in The Quran
The text of the Quran tells the story of Prophet Joseph and the temptation he faced. In addition, the Quran also crystallised the story of homosexual misconducts practised by people of Luṭ, the end of which was marked by disaster and wrath from Allah SWT. Due to that, the way Islam as a religion safeguards the purity of lineage becomes like an anchor of faith in protecting one's honour. It can be clearly seen from the words of Allah SWT in Ṣurah al-Mu'minūn (The Believers) in the Quran: The meaning: "Except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, or (the captives) whom their right hands possess-for (in their case) they are free from blame".
The incident of sexual misconduct in the story of Prophet Joseph was caused by Zulaikha's seduction, recorded in Ṣurah Yūsuf, from verse 22 to verse 34. In these verses, the temptation towards prohibited sexual act was done by Zulaikha, wife to an Egyptian dignitary who tried to take advantage of Prophet Joseph. However, Allah SWT protected the honour of Prophet Joseph from being a victim of this sexual misconduct. Allah SWT said in Ṣurah Yūsuf: The meaning: "When Joseph attained his full manhood, We gave him power and knowledge: thus we do reward those who do right. But she in whose house he was, sought to seduce him from his (true) self: she fastened the doors, and said: 'Now come, you (dear one).' He (Joseph) said: 'Allah forbid! Truly your husband is my lord! He made my sojourn agreeable! Truly to no good come those who do wrong! And (with passsion) did she desire him, and he would have desired her, but that he saw the evidence of his Lord: thus (did We order) that We might turn away from him (all) evil and shameful deeds: for he was one of Our servants, sincere and purified. So they both raced each other to the door, and she tore his shirt from the back: they both found her lord near the door. She said: 'What is the (fitting) punishment for one who formed an evil design against your wife, but prison or a grievous chastisement?' He (Joseph) said: 'It was she that sought to seduce me-from my (true) self.' And one of her household saw (this) and bore witness, (thus)-'If it be that his shirt is rend from the front, then is her tale true, and he is a liar. But if it be that his shirt is torn from the back, then is she the liar, and he is telling the truth!' So when he saw his shirt-that it was torn at the back-(her husband) said: 'Behold! It is a snare of you women! Truly, mighty is your snare! O Joseph, pass this over! (O wife), ask forgiveness for your sin, for truly you have been at fault!' Ladies said in the City: 'The wife of the (great) 'Aziz is seeking to seduce her slave from his (true) self: truly has he inspired her with violent love: we see she is evidently going astray.' When she heard of their malicious talk, she sent for them and prepared a banquet for them: she said (to Joseph): 'Come out before them.' When they saw him, they did extol him, and (in their amazement) cut their hands: they said: 'Allah preserve us! No mortal is this! This is none other than a noble angel!' She said: 'There before you is the man about whom you did blame me! I did seek to seduce him from his (true)  It must be understood that this sexual misconduct did not involve adultery between Prophet Joseph and Zulaikha. In fact, it was only an attempted adultery planned by Zulaikha to seduce Prophet Joseph. This situation shows that sexual advances and seducing someone to do an act that is prohibited by Islamic law can be categorised as sexual misconduct.
The sexual misconduct practised by people of Luṭ has also been recorded in the Quran, but its narration is available in multiple chapters. According to Wahbah (1998), the stories of Prophet Luṭ can be found in different chapters, some of them complemented the others. Narrating the abhorred misconduct of people of Luṭ, Allah SWT recorded in the Quran the words of Prophet Luṭ in Ṣurah al-A'raf, in God's own words: The meaning: "We also (sent) Luṭ: he said to his people: 'Do you commit lewdness such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? For you practise your lusts on men in preference to women: you are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds. And his people gave no answer but this: 'Drive them out of your city: these are indeed men who want to be clean and pure!' But we saved him and his family, except his wife: she was of those who lagged

behind. And we rained down on them a shower (of brimstone): then see what was the end of those who indulged in sin and crime!"
According to Mutawali (2006), their action had been known to be wrong and vile, but to some people sometimes explanation is necessary and by that, it was further revealed in the next verse in these words of Allah, meaning: "For you practise your lusts on men in preference to women: you are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds." These two verses reflected the position of Prophet Luṭ's people regarding their practices that went against human nature, who were created in pair. The men approach the same sex among them to fulfil their lust.
Nevertheless, the clear statement on the homosexuality of people of Luṭ found in the verse has yet another interpretation. Its interpretations is that people of Luṭ approached their wives in the manner prohibited by God, like the manner of a man when having intercourse with another man (Mutawali, 2006). Other than being involved in vile practices that went against human nature, people of Luṭ was also depicted in other verses with more actions that were frowned upon. Allah says in Ṣurah al-'Ankabut (The Spider), verse 29: The meaning: "Do you indeed approach men, and cut off the highway?-and practice wickedness (even) in your councils? But his people gave no answer but this: "They said: Bring us the Wrath of Allah if you tell the truth".
There are differences of opinion regarding the issue of sexual misconduct among Prophet Luṭ's people, whether the practices only happened between men or also involve lesbians or female homosexuals. Several interpretation by the scholars of Islamic law concluded that there are two opinions regarding this issue; the first opinion holds that only gay homosexuality had taken place during that time. It was based on a number of Quranic commentaries that interpreted such verses as referring only to the practices of men approaching men, such as Tafsir Jalalayn, Tafsir al-Qurtubi, Tafsir Fi Zilal al-Quran, Tafsir Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-Munir. While the second opinion stated that both gay and lesbian practices were already extant during that time. It was in line with the opinion of Ibn Abbas who said that people of Luṭ was the first ever that practises both gay and lesbian homosexuality.

The Factors Contributing to Sexual Misconduct
From the stories of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ in the Quran, some factors that contributed to sexual misconduct can be identified as follows: 1. Attraction towards Physical Appearance.
Prophet Joseph did not seduce Zulaikha with his desirable physical appearance, but his appearance was the reason Zulaikha was attracted to him. His beau, which left other women in awe too, was also depicted in verse 31 in Ṣurah Yūsuf, as it was revealed: The meaning: "When she heard of their malicious talk, she sent for them: she gave each of them a knife: and she said (to Joseph): "Come out before them." When they saw him, they did extol him, and (in their amazement) cut their hands: they said, "Allah preserve us! No mortal is this! This is none other than a noble angel." Moreover, he was depicted as a young man by His revealed words: ‫و‬ The meaning: "When Joseph attained his full manhood, We gave him power and knowledge: thus we do reward those who do right."

Seduction
The position of Prophet Joseph during that time was as a helper in the home of an Egyptian dignitary. The dignitary's wife, Zulaikha, always saw him doing house chores around and about her home. The presence of Prophet Joseph around the home was in the shoes of a victim as he was always within the eyesight of Zulaikha. And the matter had encouraged her to commit sexual misconduct towards Prophet Joseph to the extent of seducing and tempting him. It was portrayed in verse 23 of His revelation: The meaning: "But she in whose house he was, sought to seduce him from his (true) self: she fastened the doors, and said: "Now come, you (dear one)." He (Joseph) said: "Allah forbid! Truly your husband is my lord! He made my sojourn agreeable! Truly to no good come those who do wrong!"

Existing Opportunity If we delve further into the verse ‫اب‬
َ ‫غ‬ َ ‫,و‬ which means: "fastened the doors", it can be clearly seen that the opportunity was wide open for Prophet Joseph. If Zulaikha's husband was with her, she would not dare to do it. Moreover, the next verse narrated that by coincidence, her husband arrived at the door, as revealed by Allah SWT: The meaning: "So they both raced each other to the door, and she tore his shirt from the back: they both found her lord near the door. She said: "What is the (fitting) punishment for one who formed an evil design against your wife, but prison or a grievous chastisement?"

Ignorance
In verse 55, from Ṣurah al-Naml, Allah SWT said: The meaning: "Would you really approach men in your lusts rather than women? Nay, you are a people (grossly) ignorant!" The meaning of the verse showed the ignorance of the people of Luṭ when approaching men in their lusts. There are other commentaries on the meaning of 'ignorant' in the verse. If we look into the verse preceding it, Prophet Luṭ's people was portrayed as knowledgeable, through His revelation, ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ َ ‫و‬ , which means "though you see (its iniquity)". Superficially, what is portrayed seems to be two contrary statements because if they are able to see the injustice, they must not be ignorant. Hence the word 'ignorant' mentioned in verse 55 did not bring the meaning of 'not knowing', but to signify foolishness, because the term 'ignorant' is an unbound expression (lafẓ al-muṭlaq) (Mutawalli: 2006).

Temptation of Unnatural Desire
The devil enticed him to fulfil the desire and beautify and make good the viles in his eyes. The devil enticed him to fulfil the desire and beautify it and make good in his eyes. The devil enticed him to fulfil the desire and beautify it and make good the viles in his eyes. The devil enticed him to fulfil the desire and beautify it and make good the viles in his eyes.
The impulse to fulfil the desire is the work of the devil and they beautify and make good the vile in the eyes of those who committed it (Ahmad, Mustafa & Shah, 2008). People of Luṭ were no longer attracted to their wives, so they chose to indulge in the unnatural and vile practices. It can be seen in verse 166, in Ṣurah al-Shu'arā', through His revelation: The meaning: "And leave those whom Allah has created for you to be your mates? Nay, you are a people transgressing (all limits)!" In Ṣurah Hud, verse 79, it is clear they were no longer interested in their wives, and they acknowledge it by their own words as provided below: The meaning: "They said: 'Well do you know we have no need of your daughters: indeed you know quite well what we want!'" These five factors are stated in the Quran through the stories of Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ. The factors appear to be both external and internal. Attractive physical appearance, seduction, and existing opportunity are the external factors that prompted the sexual misconduct, while ignorance and desire were the internal factors affecting the wrongdoer.

The Approach in Addressing the Issues of Sexual Misconduct
The methods of da'wah (call towards God) was taught both in theory and practice by Rasulullah SAW to his followers, covering every nuances of life. Advices from the Quran also call towards uprightness in a wise manner. The basic pillar of the methods of da'wah can be found in the words of Allah SWT in Ṣurah al-Nahl, verse 125: ‫ب‬ َ ‫ر‬ The meaning: "Invite (all) to the Way of your Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching: and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious." Wisdom cannot be simply interpreted into gentle manners, but must be extended beyond that based on the situations and circumstances of the invitees. The wisdom demonstrated by both Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ can be taken as one of the methods that can be used in da'wah today. The methods of rebuke or aa as exemplified by the Qur'an are various and among them are al- Nazhar, al-Tafakkur, al-Tadhakkur, al-'Ilm, al-'Aql and so on (Abu Bakr Ali, 2004). Among the approaches used by both of them are: 1. Al-Isti'ādhah (Praying for Protection) When Prophet Joseph was seduced by Zulaikha, he prayed with the expression ‫هللا"‬ ‫"معاذ‬ that means "I seek the protection of Allah". The initial response given was not in the form of violence or anger, but directly in remembrance of God, as a self-protection from being further tempted by the devil towards such an act. In this context, Prophet Joseph initiated the factor of self-faith as a bulwark of prevention and control from the temptations of Zulaikha. Such a situation can also be found in a hadith of the Prophet SAW which describes that the initial fortification from the vices of adultery must start chiefly from oneself, which leads to success in the hereafter. In the hadith of Rasulullah SAW related to the group that will be protected by Allah in the hereafter, among them are men who fear Allah when seduced by women: ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ The meaning: "And a man who is invited by a woman of appearance to commit adultery, then it is said to her 'I fear God'".

Al-Tadhakkur (Delivering Admonition)
Delivering the admonitions is one of the duties of the apostle towards his people. Every mistake and deviation that happens needs to be admonished in wise manner. The duty of an apostle is to spread the message and beautify the morals of his people. They cannot remain silent with the disobedience that is happening in their midst and this is their responsibility and the responsibility of all their followers.
After fortifying himself with the protection and remembrance of Allah, Prophet Joseph awakened Zulaikha by reminding her of his husband's kind treatment towards him. Prophet Joseph tried to create guilt in Zulaikha and himself, reminding that if the act took place then it amounted to his showing ingratitude and disrespect to his own master. After he was kindly treated and cared for, not only he would fail to reciprocate the kindness, but also break his master's trust in a very insolent way. His own words were recorded in the Quran as such, in Ṣurah Yūsuf: ii. Reminding them to fear Allah as Prophet Luṭ advised his people in Ṣurah Hud, The answer to such question must be 'no' because the right mind would definitely deny the accursed act they had committed (Mutawali: 2006).
The approach shown by Prophet Joseph and Prophet Luṭ in handling the symptoms of sexual misconduct covers the external aspects, taking the form of da'wah through appropriate reprimands and advices. At the same time, the spiritual aspect involving submission and reliance to Allah SWT continues to be the main objective in facing such situation.

Conclusion
The prevalence of such misconduct in society requires a wise and effective solution. Religious approach is necessary in all aspect of solution to problems either spiritual or physical. The effectiveness of each method applied depends on the circumstances and situations at hands. Hence, knowledge is the main necessity and faith is the pillar of self-control to avoid involvement in any sexual misconduct and such.
The methods used by the prophets AS are among the examples that should be emulated, while at the same time adapting and enhancing them to suit the necessities of our time.
Actions that deemed to be appropriate in current time such as legal actions may also be effective in controlling and eradicating the symptoms that are corrupting the nation. Morals and characters of each nation reflect the civilizational values of that country. Consequently, the society must be governed in the right way as they are deemed human capital towards establishing a nation of high moral values and rich with gratitude and ability as well as possessing the right mindset.