Multidimensional Deprivation Determinants among Lower Income Group Households in Selangor, Malaysia

11, No. 3, 2021, Pg. 848 - 836 Abstract Poverty alleviation, socio-economic wellbeing, and sustainable livelihood of the stakeholders are among the prime initiatives of the 2030 shared prosperity vision of the Malaysian government. The agenda is part of the blueprint in the 2030 vision for the period of 2021 to 2030 to increase the income of all ethnic groups particularly the Bumiputeras comprising the lower-income group which is referred to as B40, the hard-core poor, the economically poor, those in economic transition, Orang Asli, Sabah, Sarawak Bumiputeras, the disabled, youths, women, children and senior citizens by 2030. Therefore, the present study investigates the current status and the influencing factors of multidimensional deprivation comprising health safety, education, and living standard among the lower- income group in Malaysia’s wealthiest state, Selangor. The study adopts a quantitative approach in analysing the primary data from 404 samples of the B40 groups of the population that reside in Selangor nine districts. A purposive stratified random sampling method is used to select the respondents. Descriptive statistics, econometric techniques, Malaysian Human Poverty Index (MPHI) are utilised in the analysis. Based on Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) result, the study revealed that the overall incidence of deprivation to the access of basic education among the households was 1.26%, access to basic healthcare deprivation was 1.95%, and standard of living deprivation was 4.51% among the lower-income group in Selangor, Malaysia consequently. The study also checked the intensity of the deprivation gap within the above category of indicators and concluded that there is 2.51% still away from basic education access, 3.98% for basic healthcare, 36.14 % of them are in the standard of living deprivation stage among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. Finally, the present study summarized that overall Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) score whereas, there is 0.0029 or .29% of the respondent are depriving together in the category of basic education, health, and standard of living among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. Asset index is one of the non-monetary poverty measurements established by researchers but not used in measuring poverty in Malaysia. A household poor in income, but assets may them from being trapped in poverty. This study will reassess the poverty of 302 households in the Northern States of Malaysia using the asset index and also the current state of poverty incidence with change under asset index. The results show that households in the Northern States of Malaysia are interpreted as being ‘poorer’ when poverty is measured using assets as opposed to income alone. Besides that, poverty incidence of Malay households, households living in urban area and households with middle-aged heads have high poverty incidence, while households with a head of households that is single and highly educated have low poverty incidence. The logistic regression analysis shows that the determinants of poverty incidence based on the asset index are Indian, Penang and Perak State, the age of the head of household, distance to the education centre from home. This study shows the asset index measurement which have not been done in Malaysia. This will contribute to the improvement of poverty measurement of the country (Azhar & Mohd, 2020).


Introduction
Poverty alleviation, socio-economic wellbeing and sustainable livelihood of the stakeholders are among the prime initiatives of the Malaysian government (Chua & Oh, 2011;Kronbak & Vestergaard, 2011). The government has released its blueprint in the shared prosperity vision 2030 for the period 2021 to 2030 with an aim to increase an income of all ethnic groups particularly the Bumiputeras comprising the lower income group which is referred to as B40, the hardcore poor, the economically poor, those in economic transition, Orang Asli, Sabah, Sarawak Bumiputeras, the disabled, youths, women, children and senior citizens (Loheswar, 2019;Zakiah, 2019). It has restructured its past approaches to reduce poverty and inequalities in line with the Sustainable Goal theme 'no one will be left behind'. To become a developed country and sustainbale livelihood, it is very important for Malaysia to alleviate poverty completely and restructure the society. Although the rate of overall poverty in Malaysia has been declining to a negligible percentage, the specific threat from poverty is still noticeable among certain groups as well as certain areas and states. They are still facing big challenges to provide enough opportunities for Income Generating Activities (IGAs) towards low income group to achieve certain standards in certain areas. About 40% of Malaysian households remain in the low income category, earning less than RM1,500 a month, of which 77.2% are bumiputera (Nair & Sagaran, 2015). Besides, the low income still experience social inequity, deprive of access to education, healthcare, credit availability, income opportunity and securing property rights (Courtenay, 1988;Nair, 2001;Nor, 1991;Ali, Kronbak & Vestergaard, 2011;Rahman, Bhuiyan & Sina, 2014). This group requires specific policy interventions especially on capability development in order to achieve upward mobility. Income disparities between ethnic groups and regions must still be actively addressed.
The current scenario indicates that Malaysia is no longer just grappling with absolute poverty but also with relative poverty, pockets of persistent poverty, the traditional rural poverty, and urban poverty as well as increasing inequalities. A key feature of a green economy is that it seeks to provide diverse opportunities for economic development and poverty alleviation without liquidating or eroding a country's natural assets (Chua & Oh, 2011;Kronbak & Vestergaard, 2011;Nair, 2010). In particular, the ecosystem goods and services comprise a large component of the livelihoods of poor rural communities (Abul, Chamhuri, Abdul, & Islam, 2012;Ali, FerdausurRahman, Bhuiyan, & Sina, 2014;Bhuiyan, Chamhuri, Ismail, & Basri, 2013;Bhuiyan & Hassan, 2013;Bhuiyan, Siwar, Islam, & Adhan, 2012;Haque, Siwar, Bhuiyan, & Joarder, 2019;Haque, Siwar, Ghazali, & Bhuiyan, 2018). During the Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP 2011(10MP -2015, the bottom group consists of 2.4 million households, with 73% Bumiputeras (locals) and the remaining 27% non-Bumiputeras (non-locals). While in the 11MP (2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020), there are 2.7 million households' monthly income of RM2,537.00, with 68% Bumiputeras (locals) and 32% non-Bumiputeras (non-locals); and 56% in urban and 44% in rural areas. This group requires specific policy interventions especially on capability development in order to achieve upward mobility. Income disparities between ethnic groups and regions must still be actively addressed. In such circumstances, the present study conducts a rigorous study on the women empowerment, health safety, education and living standard in Selangor, Malaysia. This research can draw out future direction for the income generating activities (IGAs) in ensuring for health nutrition, basic education, and sustainable living of the poor people including women in Selangor, Malaysia.

Literature Review
Nair & Sagaran, in 2015 mentioned that the Malaysia aspires to be a developed nation and if these development ambitions are to be attained Malaysia needs to re-examine its past approaches to reducing poverty and inequalities in the country. Malaysia is no longer just grappling with absolute poverty but also with relative poverty, pockets of persistent poverty and urban poverty as well as increasing inequalities. While rural poverty still continues to be the focus of policymakers, urban poverty also needs urgent policy attention and prescriptions. Stubborn pockets of poverty continue to elude policy solutions and new forms of poverty are emerging in the context of a country that sees itself as a developed nation. Close attention has to be paid to income distribution as progress towards poverty reduction is marred unless improvements in income distribution occur alongside poverty reduction. A paradigm shift is needed in the way in which poverty is conceptualized, defined and measured in Malaysia as the reinterpretation of the Poverty and Income distribution data over the last three decades shows that poverty in Malaysia retains much of its original characteristics and income distribution patterns show inter-ethnic inequalities remaining and a worsening position for certain ethnic groups. The call for a paradigm shift is further reinforced by the new development direction that is encapsulated in the New Economic Model with its focus on inclusive development and the bottom 40% of the population Nair & Sagaran, 2015).
Abdullah, Othman, Edo, and Jani, in 2019 introduced the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) as an alternative method of poverty measurement. MPI is capable of identifying "Who is Poor" among the underprivileged in society. The paper aimed to bridge the gap between the Orang Asli society's development and national policy from a multidimensional perspective. The questionnaire used was adapted from the United Nation Development Program of Malaysia (UNDP). The answers were recorded using the binary method, whereby "1" is deprived and "0" is not deprived. The data were analyzed using the multidimensional analysis. By applying the MPI to the Orang Asli population in Terengganu, the study was able to reveal the factors that have deprived the poor to the point of poverty. There are four dimensions used in this study such as education, health, standard of living, and wealth. The result shows 97.1% of the Orang Asli in Terengganu are deprived in livestock followed by waste management at 96.6%, years of schooling at 83.4%, and only 58.9% as an income indicator. The result also indicates that Sungai Pergam village was poorer compared to other villages based on the MPI measured. These findings prove that MPI is able to reveal the real reason behind poverty with accuracy. Therefore, this mode of measurement can also be applied to other targeted groups in order to achieve more effective poverty eradication programs. MPI measurement implemented in this study has successfully covered the objectives of the studies. The results found that most Orang Asli in Terengganu were critically deprived in commercial livestock, waste management followed by years of schooling and income indicator. Yet, there are other indicators that are of concern such as asset, number of households, home appliances, school enrolment, and sanitation which have less than 50% deprivation. Gopal (2018) explored that the poverty has been dominantly an economic concept and dealt with income or expenditure in Malaysia. In many parts of the world, widespread support surface for the application of a multidimensional approach to poverty. Yet, in practice the vast majority of empirical work on poverty uses a unidimensional yardstick to judge a person's well-being, usually expenditure or income per capita. While economic well-being, capability, political, and civic/cultural inclusion are integral parts of a multidimensional concept of poverty, a proper operationalization as well as comprehensive conceptualization of poverty based on multidimensional perspective is still lacking in Malaysia. They used the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI to measure of multidimensional perspective and intends to develop a coherent framework for measuring multidimensional poverty index in a smaller scale among the poor B40 Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) students. The findings of this study are envisaged to ascertain to what extent multidimensional poverty index is valid vis-avis the unidimensional measurement approach in the near future for a bigger scale research, both in the state of Penang and other states in Malaysia (Gopal, 2018). Ravallion (2020) assessed the role that changes in between-group inequality played in Malaysia's success against poverty. To address this question, a new decomposition method is applied to survey data spanning 50 years. The results indicate that ethnic redistribution helped reduce poverty, but it was not as important as within-group redistribution or mean-income growth. A pure ethnic redistribution effect is defined and isolated empirically. Sizable potential gains to the country's poor from ethnic redistribution are revealed in the 1970s, suggesting that the early policy effort made sense. The absolute gains have faded over time and are now small, though the elasticity of national poverty to ethnic redistribution remains quite high (Ravallion, 2020). Vaziri et al (2019) mentioned that poverty is one of the most common problems throughout the world. For this reason, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number one aims at its eradication from all countries around the globe. While this is an ambitious goal, it has reinforced the commitment of many countries, including Malaysia, towards increased poverty alleviation efforts. Peninsular Malaysia has over the past decade been making many efforts to reduce poverty among its population. Like many socioeconomic problems, poverty is a function of space, and spatial analysis can be key to deeper understanding and implementation of effectual intervention policies. In the era of advancement of geospatial techniques, many of our socio-economic problems can be explained through spatial analysis, mapping, and visualization. This study's main objective is to illuminate the spatial distribution of poverty and assess the factors that most contribute to the spatial configuration, using hotspot analysis and geographically weighted regression. While the results demonstrate the complexity of poverty as an issue in Malaysia, they demonstrate a clear spatial pattern. Poverty rates in Malaysia are significantly clustered (p < 0.001), as most of the high poverty rate sub-districts are located in the north-eastern states of Kelantan and Terengganu. Even though the SDG number one is an ambitious one, this paper has revealed important spatial dynamics that are worthy of consideration as the government implement policies that will eradicate poverty (Vaziri et al., 2019). Azhar and Mohd (2020) used the Asset index is one of the non-monetary poverty measurements which have been established by researchers but not used in measuring poverty in Malaysia. A household might be poor in income, but assets may prevent them from being trapped in poverty. This study will reassess the poverty of 302 households in the Northern States of Malaysia using the asset index and also the current state of poverty incidence with change under asset index. The results show that households in the Northern States of Malaysia are interpreted as being 'poorer' when poverty is measured using assets as opposed to income alone. Besides that, poverty incidence of Malay households, households living in urban area and households with middle-aged heads have high poverty incidence, while households with a head of households that is single and highly educated have low poverty incidence. The logistic regression analysis shows that the determinants of poverty incidence based on the asset index are Indian, Penang and Perak State, the age of the head of household, distance to the education centre from home. This study shows the asset index measurement which have not been done in Malaysia. This will contribute to the improvement of poverty measurement of the country (Azhar & Mohd, 2020).
Shong, Abu Bakar, & Islam, in 2019 used qualitative case study explored the voices of juvenile offenders in Malaysia who were plagued with poverty, and brought to light their plight. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of poverty on the delinquent character and behavioural development of the children on three major crime-enhancing themes -miserable family conditions, school failure and association with deviant peers -to get a broader view of how poverty could influence their life trajectory. The purposive maximum variation sampling method was used in the selection of six young offenders between the ages of 13 and 17 years from Sekolah Tunas Bakti Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A multiple data collection method that included observation, in-depth case study and document analysis was used for data collection. Results showed that three major crime-enhancing themes due to poverty were strongly related to children's delinquent character and behavioural development. The knowledge gained from this study will further contribute to understanding the real-life experiences of juvenile offenders, particularly those who are experiencing extreme deprivation, and it is hoped that the insight gained could help in the prevention and control of juvenile delinquent behaviour in Malaysia (Shong et al., 2019). (2021) The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an income-based poverty index which measures multiple deprivations alongside other relevant factors to determine and classify poverty. The implementation of a reliable MPI is one of the significant efforts by the Malaysian government to improve measures in alleviating poverty, in line with the recent policy for Bottom 40 Percent (B40) group. However, using this measurement, only 0.86% of Malaysians are regarded as multidimensional poor, and this measurement was claimed to be irrelevant for Malaysia as a country that has rapid economic development. Therefore, this study proposes a B40 clusteringbased K-Means with cosine similarity architecture to identify the right indicators and dimensions that will provide data driven MPI measurement. In order to evaluate the approach, this study conducted extensive experiments on the Malaysian Census dataset. A series of data pre-processing steps were implemented, including data integration, attribute generation, data filtering, data cleaning, data transformation and attribute selection. The clustering model produced eight clusters of B40 group. The study included a comprehensive clustering analysis to meaningfully understand each of the clusters. The analysis discovered seven indicators of multidimensional poverty from three dimensions encompassing education, living standard and employment. Out of the seven indicators, this study proposed six indicators to be added to the current MPI to establish a more meaningful scenario of the current poverty trend in Malaysia. The outcomes from this study may help the government in properly identifying the B40 group who suffers from financial burden, which could have been currently misclassified (Abdul Rahman et al., 2021). Samsudin and Nadzrulizam (2021) Income inequality has become a major economic growth problem faced by most countries in the world. The income gap that exists between the rich and the poor grows wider every year. The Malaysian government have set up multiple economic policies and provided various aids that focuses on improving the B40's economic situation and reduce the income gap that exist amongst them. Data for this study are obtained from the Household Income Survey (HIS). This study makes the comparison on the range and average of income amongst the B40 household income of each state in Malaysia. This comparison analyses the income gap that exist amongst the local households. Income inequalities amongst B40 households are prominent in Selangor, which recorded a huge income gap amongst the households. Kelantan has the lowest maximum and average income value amongst B40 from all states. The demographic factors that have significant impacts on the distribution of income amongst the B40 population in Malaysia was analysed using regression models. Residential area, levels of academic studies and working status of the head of household are the factors that effects B40 populations in Malaysia (Samsudin & Nadzrulizam, 2021).

Method
The study utilises a quantitative approach in analysing the primary data from 404 samples. A survey questionnaire was developed to collect data on multidementional deprivation information from the B40 groups residing in Selangor. A purposive stratified random sampling method was used to select the respondents based on the nine districts of Selangor comprising Gombak, Klang, Kuala Langat, Kuala Selangor, Petaling, Sabak Bernam, Sepang, Hulu Langat, and Hulu Selangor. According to the Department of Statistic Malaysia (DOSM, 2019), 17% of the population is categorised as B40 (DOSM, 2019) indicating that a total of 4,932,695 of population in Selangor are considered as B40 group. The study considers only 838,558 as total population and total suggested sample is 404 respondents based on the 17% B40 groups residing in Selangor and based of the percentage of population, races and districts respectively. Table 1 shows the level of confidence of the sampling.  Moreover, as shown in Table 2 ten dimensions are considered as the deprivation situation in poor households especially for education deprivation: 1. Years of Schooling 2. School attendance, for Health deprivation; 1. Access to Health Facilities, 2. Access to clean water supply, the standard of living deprivation; 1. Condition of the living quarters, 2. The number of bedrooms, 3. Toilet Facilities, 4. Garbage Collection facilities, 5. Transportations, and 6. Access of Communication tools etc. In Malaysia, the MPI complements the Poverty Line Income (PLI) to measure and monitor poverty from a multidimensional perspective. In contrast to PLI which measures absolute poverty that is based solely on income dimension, the MPI measures poverty in multiple dimensions. The MPI reflects both the incidence of multidimensional deprivation (the number of people who suffer deprivations in multiple aspects of life at a particular period within a given population), and its intensity (how many deprivations they experience at a particular period). The households in Selangor that satisfy the criteria will be selected.
Measurement of the MPI: MPI = H x A H= Incidence: the percentage of people who are multidimensional poor, or the headcount A=Intensity of people's poverty: the average percentage of dimensions in which poor people are deprived.  Table 3 shows the most common age range of the respondent of lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The majority of them are in the range of 41-50 years old 25% which is followed by the 31-40 years old group 23.26%, 18-30 years old group 20.54%, in the same way, 51-60 years-old group 18.70 %, and the 65 to 71 or older age group 13.12 in the state of Selangor, Malaysia respectively.  Table 4 presents the education level of the respondents as an important factor to determine how it influences the total household status of the respondent. The present study reveals that 32.9 % of respondent have upper secondary level of education, where are 29.7 % are from Higher Education level. The study also revealed that 10.4% are at the lower-level education but only 11.1% of responses have no formal education respectively.  Table 5 indicates that the average number among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that the 12.1% of family have only one family members and whereas, 26.7% of them have two family's member's among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study also discovered that average household members is 3.60 persons, whereas the standard deviation of household size 1.87 among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia respectively.  Table 6 shows earning members in the household among the lower income group in Selangor,  Table 7 shows the range of total household income respondent family among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that 39.1% of family have less than RM2,500 of their household monthly income. Whereas only 16.1% of the respondents retained having an income around RM 2501 -RM 3,000 respectively. However, 13.1 % of the family have income range between RM 4, 501 -RM 5, 000. Moreover, 11.4% of the respondent's incomes that ranged from RM 3,001 -RM 3,500 and only 11.1 % and 9.2% increased incomes within the range RM 3,501 -RM 4,000 and RM 4, 001 -RM 4,500 respectively.  Table 8 shows the household members contribution in the Income structure among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study shows that 56.7% of household income is contributed from paid employment, 39.4% of income of the household from self-employment, 19.6% of income derived from paid wages of odd jobs as well as 3.2% of income from Transfers received from different relatives among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia.  Table 9 shows the distribution of the total household assets of the respondent household among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study result revealed that the average the total assets of the respondents were RM 21,690 among the lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia.   Table 11 shows the number of household's children aged 6-16 years old about 96% had no deprivation on the years of schooling adult among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. Moreover, 4 % household children are still deprived from schooling respectively.  Table 12 shows the Access of Health Facilities in the distance of 5 km and there is no mobile health care access is considered as household's deprivation on the Access of Health Facilities among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that there are 76.7% are out of deprivation and there are 23.3% household still deprived in the distance of 5 km and there is no mobile health care access respectively.  Table 13 shows the access of clean water supply other than pipe water inside house and public water pipe considered as household's deprivation on the Access of clean water supply among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that there are 77.2% are out of deprivation and there are 22.8% household still deprived in the access of clean water supply respectively.  Table 14 shows the Access condition of living quarter is considered as household's deprivation on the Access of standard of living quarter facilities among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that there are 36.1 % are out of deprivation and there are 63.9 % household still deprived in the on the Access of standard of living quarter access respectively.  Table 15 shows the Access number of bed room condition of living quarter is considered as household's deprivation on the if more than two household's members are living in a room among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that there are 35.9% are out of deprivation and there are 64.1% household still deprived in the on the Access of separate living room in the living quarter respectively.  Table 16 shows the Access number of bed room condition of toilet facilities is considered as household's deprivation on the if there are no flash toilet facilities in the living room after among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that there are 87.1% are out of deprivation and there are 12.9% household still deprived in the on the Access of flash toilet facilities in the living quarter respectively. Garbage Collection Facilities Table 17 shows the garbage collection facilities which is considered as household's deprivation if there are no garbage collection facilities in the living area among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that there are 85.9% are out of deprivation and there are 14.1% household still deprived in the on the access of garbage collection facilities in the living quarter respectively.

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Measurement
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) complements the Poverty Line Income (PLI) to measure and monitor poverty from multidimensional perspective. In contrast to PLI which measures absolute poverty based solely on income dimension, the MPI measures poverty in multiple dimensions. The MPI reflects both the incidence of multidimensional deprivation (the number of people who suffer deprivations in multiple aspects of life at a particular period within a given population), and its intensity (how many deprivations they experience at a particular period). This Index offers incidenceand intensity-based analysis, thus providing clear identification of the development gaps. This will enable stakeholders to develop more integrated interventions to uplift the income and wellbeing of the target groups. As shown in Table 23, the overall incidence of deprivation at national level improved from 29.73% in 2018 where it was 30.51% in 2016.In the incidence of deprivation for most indicators improved during the period in the three indicators, namely access to 1.26 % whereas healthcare deprivation was 1.95 % as well as standard of living deprivation was 4.51 % of households respectively. Moreover, intensity or deprivation gap in the category of indicators 2.51 %, 3.98 %, 36.14% are considered as education deprivation, healthcare deprivation and standard of living deprivation respectively. In the same way, average incidence of deprivation for most indicators improved during the period in the three indicators is 1.93 %. Moreover, intensity or deprivation gap in the category of indicators 15.44 % accordingly, whereas the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was 0.0029 or .29% respectively among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia.

Conclusions
The present study examines the status of household freedom of decision making among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. The findings indicate that 48.3% which represents the majority of respondents are involved with full time employments, whereas 17.8% of respondents are engaged in self-employment, Micro business, and small business for income generating activities. However, the study also found that 53.2% of responds are engaged in semi-skilled jobs, and 28.5% of them are attached to low-skilled whereas only 18.3% of them have skills in line with their occupational level.
In the same way, the findings also reveal that 52.2% of the respondents' main household head are not working, and 47.8 % of them are working full-time. The study found that 51% of the respondents are headed by adult male whereas 23.3% are headed by elderly male-headed. Moreover, 56.7% of household income is contributed from paid employment, 39.4% from self-employment, 19.6% of income derived from odd jobs. In terms of the number of people living in a family, the study found that 31.2% of family has only one family member whereas 14.6% of them have two family members. However, the study also reveals that 54.5% of families have only one member that is earning. In the case of monthly household income, the study also reveals that 39.1% of family have less than RM2,500 of their household monthly income.
In the present study, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) complements the Poverty Line Income (PLI) to measure and monitor poverty from multidimensional perspective. This Index offers incidence and intensity-based analysis; therefore, it provides clear identification of the poverty gaps. This will enable stakeholders to develop more integrated interventions to uplift the income and wellbeing of the target groups. Based on Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) result, the study revealed that overall incidence of deprivation to the access of basic education among the households was 1.26%, access to basic healthcare deprivation was 1.95% and standard of living deprivation 4.51% among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia consequently. The study also checked intensity or deprivation gap within the above category of indicators and concluded that there are 2.51% still away from basic education access, 3.98% for basic healthcare, 36.14 % of them are in standard of living deprivation stage among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. Finally, the present study summarized that overall Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) score whereas, there are 0.0029 or .29% of the respondent are depriving together in the category of basic education, health and standard of living among lower income group in Selangor, Malaysia. Finally, the present study recommends policy considerations for the successful and effective operation of poverty alleviation programmes by providing the necessary guidelines to lower income group by increasing of income-generating activities, and proper education for the household's; and giving economic freedom of choice with necessary skill training.