Psychological Security and its Relationship to Latent Delinquency among Preparatory School Students in State of

Vol. 12, No. 10, 2022, Pg. 662 – 674 Abstract Psychological and social changes may occur in a teenager’s life, through which he loses love, affection, kindness, appreciation and cooperation from his family. This negatively affects his personality, so he feels psychological insecurity, and this may lead to his deviation or disturbed psychologically. The general objective of this study is to clarify the relationship between psychological security and latent delinquency among preparatory school students in the State of Qatar. And The problem that the researchers are looking at is trying to identify whether there is a correlation between psychological security and latent delinquency among adolescents, as the proportion of juvenile cases is increasing. It is necessary to know the causes of this disorder psychologically, and this makes us put our hands on the disease to treat it. This is a new creeping danger that threatens the entity of the state, because the determination of the state is based on its individuals. The researcher intends to use the descriptive approach in the study, and the study tools are the two questionnaires prepared by the researcher: (1) the questionnaire of the tendency to delinquency, (2) the questionnaire of psychological security. As well as, the research results expected to appear that there is a positive/ negative relationship between psychological security and latent delinquency among preparatory school adolescents in State of Qatar.


Introduction
Along with the complexity of life in this era, the multiplicity of visions, the large number of problems, and the high levels of psychological tension, as a result of the stressful situations that the individual experiences in all aspects of life, so that almost no society is devoid of causes of conflict, disagreement, problems and pressures, which in some aspects are negatively reflected on the high rates of crime and delinquency. Children under the age of eighteen are considered the most affected by the conditions resulting from the difficult circumstances, due to their lack of cognitive and life experience, and the limited coping mechanisms that they possess, not to mention that they live in a world of vast imagination that depicts the events in a much larger than their real size.
The need for security is the most important psychological needs that must be satisfied in the early years of a child's life, and its impact continues in his future life when the reasons for life and belonging are achieved for him. The individual can maintain his security in the midst of the isolated environment that involves threat and danger. Feelings of frustration, despair and disappointment as a result of poverty, destitution and need in the family often lead to adolescents' deviation and bad behaviors. As some studies indicate that most cases of delinquency disorder range from 12-18 years, which is the beginning of the adolescence stage, that scholars consider one of the most dangerous stages in person's life. Contemporarily, Scholars have used some neuroscience techniques in studying students and adolescents behaviour, for example, psychological aspects such as emotions and feelings (Alsharif et al., 2021a;2021b;Alsharif et al., 2022a;2022b). The studies confirm the importance of the role of good upbringing for a young man since childhood in the family and then at school. If a young man receives good care and upbringing from a young age, he will grow up as a good person, and if his upbringing is bad, the phenomena of deviations appear in him at an early age (Al-Isawy, 2006). A set of psychological and social variables contribute to the occurrence of delinquency disorder, as Cohen indicated that children with delinquency often show anti-social behavioral patterns and aggressive behaviors that harm others, and they also reject the orders of others Docility and Obedience (Cohen, 1994).
Studies in the cases of child delinquency have concluded the importance and role of the family in the life and future of its members, as their results showed that there are some obstacles that lead to the family's refraining from performing its assigned roles, and lead to the family's failure to perform its role when it is exposed to disintegration, or lead to the family practicing wrong upbringing methods on children, lead to the collapse of family values such as the deviation of the father or mother, deprivation from the mother, or when quarrels and tension prevail in the relationship between parents and its implication including neglecting the children and involving them in such problems.so The influence that the family exerts on the psychological development of its members extends beyond the childhood stage, and the characteristics of this influence change over the various stages of growth.

The Problem of the Study
Most of the results of previous studies and literature in the field of psychology and psychological counseling indicate that family, social and economic conditions may bring about changes in the life of the adolescent. The loss of love, affection, sympathy, appreciation and cooperation leads to lose the family cohesion, and that family becomes described as the abnormal family, which negatively affects the son's personality, so he becomes delinquent or psychologically disturbed. Statistical data that dealt with the factors of the emergence of delinquency in Qatar indicated that the emergence of delinquency may be due to family environment factors, that include family disintegration, poor upbringing, lack of care, lack of interest, and insecurity.
The importance of the need for security appears in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, as he places it at the second level of the hierarchical model of needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, an individual cannot move from a level to a higher level in needs only after the needs of this are satisfied, so its impact on the individual's motivation appears, then the individual can move to the highest level of needs. Al Desouki (1990) defined Psychological Security by saying that, "Being safe means being safe from the threat of the dangers of living or does not have much value. Also, he sees that security is a state in which the individual feels safety, security and lack of fear, in which the fulfillment and satisfaction of the needs are guaranteed.
At the same time, it is a composite trend of self-ownership with self-confidence and the certainty that one belongs to human groups that have value (Al Desouki, 1990). Neglecting the juvenile as an object -The seriousness of juvenile delinquency is evident in the multiplicity of aspects associated with it, in the multiplicity of delinquent behavior that delinquents bring, and its impact on the social, economic, legal and moral conditions in the society in which they live (Al Siddiqi & Jalal al-Din, 2002: 20). It can be said that this problem imposes itself due to its serious repercussions, as the reports of the international conferences for the prevention of crime held in recent years indicate that the problem of juvenile delinquency comes at the forefront of social problems facing contemporary societies (Hilal, 2005).
The researcher hope, through this study and its results, to provide a qualitative addition to the delinquent community in the State of Qatar as a reference for those interested in participating in developing solutions to reduce the spread of delinquency, because it was not possible for them to find specific studies in this aspect for the State of Qatar. This is what gave them the desire to do this study, and in light of the previous presentation, the problem of the study can be identified in the need to know the relationship of psychological security to latent delinquency among a sample of adolescents in the preparatory stage in the State of Qatar.
The study seeks to answer the following main question: (1) What is the relationship between psychological security and latent delinquency among a sample of adolescents in the preparatory stage in State of Qatar?, (2) This question derives from the following subquestions: a) What are the latent factors behind the loss of psychological security?, b) Is there a correlation between psychological security and latent delinquency among the study sample?
Objectives of the Study -Identifying the most important psychological factors related to the same juvenile that led to the loss of psychological security -Recognizing the effect of psychological security on latent delinquency.

The Importance of the Study
The importance of the study lies in two aspects 1. The theoretical aspect a. Shedding light on the latent factors behind psychological security and latent delinquency and the extent of its danger to the life of the adolescent. This, in the opinion of the researchers, is like putting your hand on the cause of the disease. Therefore, it is possible to control it and reduce its danger. b. The importance of the research sample represented by the preparatory school students because of the characteristics of adolescence exist in this age that need research and study to guide them and avoid delinquency. c. The scarcity of studies that focused on psychological security and its relationship to latent delinquency among adolescents in State of Qatar, in order to find out the negative effects and solve them.

The practical aspect
The results of this study can be used as a guide in laying the foundations and methods of dealing with latent delinquency regarding treatment and prevention in State of Qatar. This study may be a theoretical reference for future studies in delinquency, its causes and methods of treatment.

Methodology
The current study relies on the descriptive correlative approach, and this approach deals with describing the phenomenon and depicting it quantitatively, by collecting standardized data and information about the phenomenon or the problem. The current research involves describing and analyzing a phenomenon, and studying the relationship between its variables.

Study Sample
The study sample includes a sample of general education students in the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, preparatory schools for boys in the State of Qatar. The reasons for choosing this sample by the researcher are due to the following reasons: 1. The sample members are in the same educational age, which allows them to understand the items of the scales and answer them well. 2. The sample members are considered adolescents, and this stage is considered for humans as one of the most important stages. As well as, scholars and researchers in education and mental health consider this stage one of the most dangerous stages of life, and the most influential on their lives and future. 3. Availability of awareness, maturity and knowledge for the individuals of this sample, and this helps their ability to deal accurately with the statements of the scales and provide accurate answers that express their response. An exploratory sample was selected to verify the psychometric properties, which consisted of (40) students, to verify the psychometric properties of the current study. They were selected from the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, preparatory schools in the State of Qatar.

Study Tools
Measures and tools of the study were prepared after reviewing the measurement methods of the previous studies, and on the theoretical frameworks associated with the variables of the current study, which are: 1. Tendency to delinquency Questionnaire, prepared by researcher.
-Objective of the questionnaire: The questionnaire aims to measure the level of tendency to delinquency among the study sample of adolescents. -Preparation of the questionnaire: The questionnaire was prepared in the form of 36 phrases, and the researcher took into account that the phrases are clear, uncomplicated, and understandable for the study sample. To build and prepare the questionnaire, the current researcher reviewed a number of studies that focused on the tendency to delinquency and the method of its measurement through a number of delinquency scales. -The psychometric efficiency of the questionnaire: The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were calculated from the sincerity and stability of the committee of arbitrators.

2.
Psychological Security Questionnaire, prepared by researcher -Objective of the questionnaire: The objective of this questionnaire is to measure the level of psychological security among the study sample of adolescents. -Preparation of the questionnaire: The questionnaire was prepared in the form of 11 phrases, and the researcher took into account that the phrases are clear, uncomplicated, and understandable for the study sample. --The psychometric efficiency of the questionnaire: The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were calculated from the sincerity and stability of the committee of arbitrators.

Application of the Study Tools
1. The two researchers contacted psychologists in preparatory schools to determine the number of students who have riotous or abnormal behavior inside the school. 2. Questionnaires were applied in (9) preparatory schools all over the country, with (10-12) students from each school. 3. It took about a month to implement the questionnaires, depending on the conditions of the schools. 4. The two researchers wrote to the parents to obtain their consent to apply the questionnaires to their children.

Study Tools Application
1. -The researcher contacted psychologists in middle school schools to determine the number of students who have riot or abnormal behavior inside the school. 2. -The questionnaires were applied in (9) middle schools across the country, with (10-12) students from each school. 3. -It took about a month and a half to implement the questionnaires, depending on the conditions of the schools. 4. -The researcher wrote to the parents to obtain their consent to apply the questionnaires to their children.

Literature Review
It was stated in the book of "The Tongue of the Arabs" that security and being safe are the opposite of fear, its security is the opposite of its fear, and security is the opposite of fear, peace and security and safe place is the subject matter of security and the word /Al Amn/ by replacing the second /a/ by /e/ will mean religion and morals (Ibn Manzur, 1990: 140). The concept of security is defined as the state of a society in which tranquility prevails and the banners of consensus and security balance flutter, a society in which stable security prevails. The state of security has two components: emotional security, which is the individual and society's feeling of the need for security, and procedural security, which is the efforts made to achieve or restore security. The concept of Psychological Security is one of the complex concepts in psychology, and it overlaps in its indicators with other concepts such as emotional reassurance, self-security, self-adaptation, self-satisfaction, positive self-concept, emotional balance (Asaad, 2008). Maslow defined Psychological Security as the individual's feeling that he is loved and accepted by others and has a place among them, realizing that his environment is friendly, kind and not frustrating, in which he feels the lack of danger, threat and anxiety (Al Shara'a, 2000).

Psychological Security
Regarding to psychological security, the individual resorts to the so-called psychological security operations to achieve it, which are activities used by the psychological system to reduce or eliminate stress, achieve self-esteem and a sense of safety. The individual finds his psychological security in joining a group that makes him feel this security. A happy family and the appropriate family climate for the healthy growth of its members and the satisfaction of their needs, especially the need for security leads to achieving psychological security. Working family and belonging to a union increases the feeling of psychological security, and this is offset by belonging to the homeland (Zahran, 2002).
As for the behavioral pattern related to satisfying the need for psychological security, it is that the personality needs freedom from fear, whatever its source, as well as being safe in the case of reassuring his health, his work, his future, his children, his rights and his social position. If something threatens this or the person himself anticipated to be threatened, the individual will lose his sense of security. The consistent emotional behavioral pattern related to satisfying the need for psychological security for the student or teacher in the reality of the educational group is considered an acquired behavioral pattern related to meeting a learned social need through upbringing and education. It aims to achieve the individual's need for being safe concerning his health and his academic future. Its achievement is also related to the reality of the educational community with the prevalence and spread of behavioral habits related to freedom from fear and non-threatening by teachers, as well as the feeling of satisfaction towards the scientific material, professors and service agencies. There is no doubt that the non-dominance of those behavioral habits associated with satisfying the need for psychological security is related to the failure to take into account the avoidance of threats by those in charge of work, as well as the processes of criticism, punishment, neglect and fluctuation in treatment, or the imposition of heavy duties that constitute unbearable burdens (Abu Shanab, 1996). The need for security shows its importance simply by satisfying the biological needs, especially for adults, and this need appears in children when they are exposed to fear, and the need for security pushes people to be careful and cautious, and it is what arouses in us the desire to own money, real estate and saving this in addition to the spiritual security that prevails through performing rituals (Musa, 1996).
The relationship between internal and external control and some methods of parental treatment in families indicates the existence of a relationship between some methods of parental treatment as perceived by the children and between belief in control and to proper parental treatment that provides the child with a sense of security and reassurance and moves his motives to learning, experimentation and friction with situations and events in the external environment freely and daringly. A child who is left without parental care in the face of situations and events in the environment will lose self-confidence and feel incompetent in facing the external situations and develop fanatical beliefs or expectations of external control (Gabr, 1987).
The feeling of security represents an advanced stage of physiological needs. Interpretations of the concept of security may vary among individuals, affected by their environments and circumstances. Security may mean for some of them ensuring a high income in the face of sickness or old age, while for others it may mean stability at work and so on. What is important is that the concept of security for individual constitutes a motive for his integration into certain activities, looking forward to this integration achieving the satisfaction of his various needs, including his sense of security and protection from physical or emotional harm (Al Taweel, 1998).
Most of our primary motives occur with several distinct emotions. The need for food is coupled with the feeling of hunger, which exposes the person to emotional tension. The motive of seeking psychological security and reassurance is accompanied by an emotion of fear. Thus, the emotion is the driving force of the motive (Taym, 1993). The need for security is not limited to children, but adults also have a constant need for a sense of security and stability. This is represented in their search for stable jobs with a fixed income and a secure future, and their interest in pensions, and in securing their lives by saving money or dealing with insurance companies...or so. Rather, governments and public bodies, after realizing the importance of this motive and its impact on human life and work, are interested in realizing it in the form of projects against unemployment, social care in the event of sickness or old age, or other services that aim to instill peace in the hearts of people and make them feel secure regarding their life and future. (Aweidah, 1996) As many studies and various researches have confirmed that speech difficulties are shared by psychological and physical factors. The way of growth and formation pave the way for their emergence, and these factors are shared by some genetic and some environmental factors... as well as, the main psychological factor associated with anxiety, fear, loss of a sense of security or a feeling of inferiority. It is also pointed out that the conditions of wrong upbringing and education have negative effects on the mental health of the individual. Conditions of rejection or lack of care, protection and love lead to insecurity, loneliness, trying to attract others' attention, negativity, submission, feeling hostile, rebellious, inability to exchange emotions, shame, nervousness, mismatch, and fear of the future (Zahran, 1997).
Psychological security obstacles represent a serious matter at the level of society when the individual is exposed to various stressful factors that affect the individual's value system, making him in a state of constant anxiety and turmoil, and the obstacles include the following: 1. Economic Obstacles 2. Change in the value system 3. Wars and disputes 4. Troubled cultural and social factors (Asaad, 2008). Security is one of the most important elements of life that a person aspires to in every time and place, from cradle to grave. If the individual finds something that threatens hiss life, his money and his honor, he rushes to a safe place. The feeling of psychological security includes multiple feelings such as lack of fear, reassurance, and the individual's feeling of contentment and psychological comfort (Mansour et al., 2003). Security means safety, covenant, protection, assurance, calmness of the heart, reassurance, distance from fear, and the ability to face expected and unexpected surprises without resulting in disruption or disturbance in the common conditions, including a feeling of danger and instability (Zaki, 2003). Psychological security is affected by many negative and positive factors and overlaps with human basic, social and psychological needs. It is a complex concept because it is affected by technological, economic and social changes of rapid pace. Therefore, the degree of the individual's sense of psychological security is related to himself, his relationships, his way of life, and the extent to which his basic, social or psychological needs are satisfied (Hamza, 2001).
The lack of sense of security results in many psychological problems, behavioral disturbances, fear, anxiety, tension, excessive concern, lack of trust, suspicion in the other, lack of belonging, dependence, restriction, lack of freedom, dependence on others, negativity, hesitation, evasion of responsibility, dependence on others and blaming them, isolation, selfishness, opportunism, aggression, alienation, feelings of despair, hatred of life and people. The loss of security may also lead to suicidal thoughts, feelings of grief, sadness, surrender, and hypocrisy (Abdul Majid, 2004).
As per the foregoing, it can be said that the method of treating the student in school is one of the important factors in acquiring the sense of psychological security or not. If the method of school treatment with students is characterized by violence, cruelty, neglect, humiliation and ridicule, this will have considered a threat to the student's security in school and in life. This way of treatment draws in front of the student's eyes a world full of anxiety, fear, tension, cruelty, violence, deviation and extremism.
If the method of dealing with the student involves mutual respect, elevates his humanity, preserves his rights, makes him aware of his duties towards himself and others, satisfies his desires and satisfies his various psychological, social, cultural, health and educational needs, then this is a cause for feeling the sense of psychological security, enjoying with the mental health, compatibility, a sense of satisfaction, happiness, tranquility and security.

Latent Delinquency
Delinquency is a complex phenomenon in which a number of psychological and social variables contribute. It is one of the anti-social acts or legal prohibitions committed by juveniles in their legal juvenile age, which if committed and done by adults are considered among the crimes that are punishable by Sharia, such as retribution, limits and others. It is one of the most dangerous problems for the individual and society, because of its negative, dangerous and destructive effects on the personality of members of society. Delinquency is the paver to the occurrence of apparent delinquency. Therefore, studying and understanding latent delinquency helps preventing or reducing the occurrence of apparent delinquency.
Al-Waqqad (1991) believed that the term latent delinquency is used to describe a group of children, who may be middle school students, who perform unusual and turbulent behaviors that are incompatible with the behavior of their ordinary colleagues. These behaviors also anger the teachers and their colleagues. These behaviors are a clear expression of the juvenile's suffering from a group of psychological and behavioral disorders, which, if it left without treatment, they will turn later, when bad environmental factors become available to them, into apparent delinquency. Pupils with latent delinquency are characterized by some psychological and behavioral characteristics, including: academic failure, lack of selfacceptance, sociability, lying, anxiety, aggression, theft, emotional imbalance, broken family, attention disorder, aggression, rebellion, withdrawal (Al-Waqqad, 1991).
The manifestations of delinquency vary among the adolescent. The delinquent shows excessive hostility towards his family surroundings and his social environment in the form of continuous encroachments, rebellion and disobedience to orders and directions. The delinquent also attacks the rights and property of others, provokes quarrels with his peers and harms them, his aggression reaches the point of destroying the property of others, and setting fire to the house. The delinquents are characterized by the loss of their desires, the lack of clarity of their goals in life, and their inability to determine what they want (Zyzoom Forums, 2010).
The word (deviate) in the Arabic dictionary refers to the meaning of the word (tend). And the offence is what you carry out including sin or bad behaviors. Juvenile delinquency means that a young person commits sins and crimes or delinquent behaviors (Ibn Manzur, 1986). Delinquency, offence or deviation, are synonymous terms regarding content from the legal point of view. A delinquent juvenile is a deviant juvenile. And when the law speaks of a deviant juvenile, it means a delinquent juvenile, and vice versa. These terms refer mainly to the actions, behaviors and attitudes of the juvenile if they were criminally guilty, or if they, according to the normal and natural way, would lead to the crime. Delinquency or deviation from the legal point of view is a general expression that includes the actual criminality of juveniles, as well as cases of exposure to incidents in criminality (Madbouly, 1985).
From a psychological perspective, delinquency comes as a result of poor adaptation to the environment, whereas Qashqoush (1980) defined delinquency as "an anti-social behavior that represents a form of behavior disorder in the juvenile, and in turn reveals an imbalance and disorder in his personal aspects." With regard to the concept of the delinquent personality. Mzab (2005) believed that the delinquent has a personality that has its own character, temperament, and a special way by which the delinquent deals with others. Its features include blunting emotional (a lack of feelings of love and kindness towards others), impulsive behavior and aggression as a result.
In light of the foregoing, it can be said that juvenile delinquency is related to a wide scientific ground in which psychologists and sociologists participate and meet with the legal officer and others concerned with juvenile affairs and their care.
The factors committed by the juvenile vary according to the development of the stages of life. During the growth period, the juvenile is exposed to physical, psychological and social changes. Physically, his body grows and his physical strength increases, also the secretions of the pituitary glands that control other glands increase. Psychologically, his sense of self increases, and a lot of disobedience appears within the family. Socially, the juvenile's going out to the street and contact with friends affects his behavior, and then he imitates them in some of their abnormal behaviors (Al-Baqali, 2005). Delinquency is also directly related to the nature of the interactive relationships within the family, primarily between parents and children. The more tense, exacting and harsh the relationship, the more likely the children will be deviant. Whenever the relationship is characterized by neglect, lack of supervision and follow-up, it results in the children's deviation. This is what we reach that (the juvenile deviates due to family problems, instability and the absence of reasons for happiness within the family (Cole & Chipaca, 2014).
It is also possible for delinquent children to come from stable, cohesive, happy and nonbroken families, but the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency can be linked to the changes accompanying rapid urbanization, which leads to the delinquency of the juvenile from the standards of social control due to the cultural and occupational disparity among the residents of the same country. As well as, exercising the power of repression over the adolescent or the child in the absence of feelings of mutual love and respect between the parents and the child, can generate resentment and the desire for revenge (Khamash, 2005).
The economic conditions of the family are the mainstay of the family's continuity and existence, and it is an incentive for individuals to feel safe. On the other hand, the difficult economic conditions and deprivation may often lead children to go out to the street to seek help or beg, and some children may resort to work for low wages in unsafe and unhealthy environments. These factors constitute strong motives for children to deviate and commit crimes (Muhammad, 2008).

The Results of the Hypothesis and its Discussion
The hypothesis states that: There is a statistically significant correlation between the scores of adolescents on the tendency to delinquency questionnaire and the scores on the psychological security questionnaire.
To verify this hypothesis, the two researchers calculated the correlation coefficient between latent delinquency and psychological security, and the results were as shown in the following table   Table 1 Pearson's correlation coefficients between latent delinquency and psychological security Variable Correlation Coefficient with Psychological Security Latent Delinquency -0.59** It is clear from the table that there is a negative and significant correlation at the level of 0.01 between degrees of latent delinquency and degrees of psychological security among preparatory school students in the State of Qatar. This result means that the more the psychological security decrease, the higher the latent delinquency, and vice versa. The two researchers explain this by saying that the lack of sense of security results in many psychological problems, behavioral disturbances, fear, anxiety, tension, excessive concern, lack of trust, suspicion in the other, lack of belonging, dependence, restriction, lack of freedom, dependence on others, negativity, hesitation, evasion of responsibility, dependence on others and blaming them, isolation, selfishness, opportunism, aggression, alienation, feelings of despair, hatred of life and people. The loss of security may also lead to suicidal thoughts, feelings of grief, sadness, surrender, and hypocrisy. This is consistent with what was indicated by (Zaki, 2003), "but the loss of psychological security results in many problems, which are fear, a sense of danger, instability, imbalance, disorder in behavior and actions, and delinquency". It is clear from the previous table that the psychological variable that can predict the tendency to delinquency among the preparatory stage students was (psychological security). It was found that there was a negative and statistically significant effect at the level of 0.50 of psychological security on the tendency to delinquency among the preparatory stage students.

Recommendations
In light of the results of the current study, the researchers recommend the following 1) Providing training courses for teachers and administrators to help them detect and early recognize the tendency for delinquency in their students, 2) as well as providing awareness seminars for parents to detect the delinquency behavior of their children and identify ways to treat it and how to confront it. 3) The media must play an effective role in confronting this type of behavior through various methods such as programs, meetings, seminars and conferences. 4) Holding seminars and conferences on a regular basis in schools of all levels for both teachers and students to reduce this behavior. 5) Conducting a developmental study aimed at modifying delinquency among students at different educational stages. 6) Studying the tendency to delinquency and other social variables including: family cohesion, parental control, parental separation, etc. 7) Studying the factors contributing to predicting delinquency among students, such as violence, social deviance, social anxiety, and emotional balance. 8) Studying the relationship between the different media and the tendency to delinquency, and the role of the media in treating delinquency. 9) Conducting a comparative study between males and females regarding the tendency to delinquency.