Spiritual Assessment Scale Psychometric Testing

Spirituality is an important aspect in the process of building an individual's soul and life. All the success and excellence of human life stems from the spiritual aspect. Therefore, each individual needs to emphasize on the spiritual aspect of himself in order to live on the right teachings. The study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric aspects of the spirituality assessment scale. The questionnaire containing 20 of these items was used to assess the spiritual aspects of the individual. The study involved 106 respondents who answered the questionnaire voluntarily. The resulting exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that the resulting Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was .853, which is greater than the .05 Berlett's Test of Sphericity, indicating a significant value (p=.000) and indicating that the correlation between the items is sufficient to perform a factor analysis. The reliability value for this questionnaire is .826. This states that this questionnaire is suitable for use for actual research purpose.


Introduction
Studies related to spirituality are becoming more and more popular by past researchers. This aspect is often linked to the work environment (Fornaciari et al., 2004;Kale and Shrivastava 2003), entrepreneurship (Jackson and Konz, 2006), leadership (Fry, 2003) and religion (Saroglou and Garcia, 2008). According to Nasr (1987), spirituality is the concept of monotheism towards Allah SWT (tawheed/tawhid) in order for a person to live according to His will and commands. Hamka (1987) stated that a good relationship with Allah SWT makes individuals able to face all difficulties in life. This is because they believe that each of these difficulties has a solution. Islam does not distinguish between the worldly and the spiritual because faith in Allah occurs in every dimension of life. The individuals with the consciousness of their souls will then feel the existence of a relationship within themselves to awaken the strength of the intellectual, emotional and spiritual aspects (Zohar and Marshall, 2000). According to Ali (1992), the individual will become strong and secure if the spirituality can be strengthened in the right way.
Past studies have proven that spirituality is able to beget an impact on individuals in their daily lives. Previous studies have also provided various definitions of spirituality. However, the array of studies with the use of different questionnaires makes it difficult to determine the appropriateness with the context of the local community. Consequently, the researcher feels that it is important to further study spirituality in order to make it easier for people to understand it more clearly. The researcher used the Spirituality Assessment Scale questionnaire developed by Howden in 1992 to analyze the exploration of factors aimed at measuring the appropriateness of its usage.
Various researchers have defined spirituality from both Islamic and Western points of view. Shafranske and Gorsuch (1984) define spirituality as the courage to seek and believe. Davic (2003) stated that this spirituality can be linked to individual personality factors. Besides that, it is not necessarily linked to religion, but can be a philosophy, value or meaning in life (Kellehear, 2000). In past studies, spirituality is also expressed as a personal connection, the people around and God (Burkhart & Hogan, 2008). Spirituality is also capable of giving individuals a quality and meaningful life as well as inner strength (Tanyi & Werner, 2008;White et al., 2011).
In addition to that, Islam defines spirituality as soul. Spirit has a subtle signal to be understood and has a direct relationship with Allah S.W.T (Abdul & Jusuf, 2002). Individuals are able to interpret positive values and find the meaning of life to form a meaningful and quality life if they have spirituality aspect in themselves (Mujib & Mudzakir, 2001). Sylviana (2019) in her library study and documentation related to spiritual development found that spirituality involves the process of purifying the soul from the nature of mazmumah (disgraceful acts) to mahmudah (commendable acts). Individuals will refine, understand and appreciate the relationship between people and God. The spiritual aspect of an individual can be strengthened by devotion to God, carrying out His commands and avoiding all prohibitions (Roslan & Siti Aishah, 2010;Yatimah et al., 2011;Che Zuina, 2011).
Next, spirituality can be explained based on certain elements. According to Al Ghazali (1998), the elements of spirituality can be divided into four, namely al-qalb (heart), al-nafs (soul), a-aql (mind) and al-ruh (spirit). All these elements are important in the process of individual self-development towards goodness and to be closer to God. Individual self-refining needs to start from the heart and spiritually. This is due to the idea that spiritual aspect will be the first point in improving morality. According to the view of Al-Nawawi (1989), the heart plays a role in the formation of an individual's life. It will begin, stop and also improve actions. Individuals with a good heart will always remember Allah, obey His orders and stay away from His prohibitions. Spirituality variable has been studied a lot in past studies that are related to academics, social problems, achievement, motivation and many more. Hanin et al (2012) conducted a spiritual study related to students' academic achievements. The results of the study prove that a high level of spirituality can be a factor that can motivate students to study hard in order to achieve academic success. Spirituality is also found to help teachers overcome feelings of worry, stress and lead to more effective career management (Buchanan, 2009). Sudi et al (2018 in their study found that spirituality is fundamental in self-development. The element of taqwa, faith and fear of judgement in the afterlife as spiritual elements that can control individuals from getting involved in moral and ethical problems. They will indirectly become pious and virtuous.

Domain of Spirituality
According to Howden (1992), there is four factor for spirituality which is transcendence (1), purpose and meaning in life (2), innerness or inner resources (3), interconnectedness (4). Purpose and meaning in life means a sense or worth, hope and/or reason for living/existence. It's come from process of searching or discovering events or relationship (Frankl, 1963). Next, innerness or inner resources is process of striving and discovering wholeness, identity and sense of empowerment. People have feelings of strength in times of crisis, dealing with uncertainty in life with calmness, living with guidance, being at peace with one's self and the world and also feeling or ability (Vaughn, 1986).
Interconnectedness is defined as the feeling of relatedness or attachment with others, a sense of relationship to all of life, feeling of harmony with self and others and a feeling of oneness with the universe (Hungelmann et al., 1985). Lastly, transcendence can defined as people ability to reach the limits of usual experience, the capacity, willingness or experience of rising above. Transcendence also means capacity for achieve wellness and/or self healing (Frankl 1963).

Research Objective
This study was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the Spirituality Assessment Scale which was developed by (Howden, 1992). Table 1 shows the demographic results of the study respondents. For the age category, majority of the respondents are between 19 and 23 years old, which is a total of 70 people. Next, a total of 105 respondents are Muslim and only one respondent is in the other religion category. As for the demographic variable of household dependents, a total of 62 people have zero to three dependents in the families respectively. As for dependents of four to seven people, a total of 38 people recorded that number, while a total of six people reported that they had dependents of eight people and above. In addition, majority of the respondents, 66 people, recorded nuclear family as their family type, and the family type with the least number of respondents is the single and commuter family types. Finally, single marriage status has recorded the largest number of respondents which is 79 people.

Instrument
This Spirituality Questionnaire contains 20 items (table 2). Items are rated on a 5-point scale with responses ranging from strongly disagree, disagree, not sure, agree and strongly agree.  Kerlinger (1979), the basis for a good assessment of the reliability of the questionnaire is to have an α (alpha) value above .60. The standard used to define the level of reliability of the measurement tool was referred from (George and Mallery, 1995). The definition of coefficient alpha (α) in the validity test of the item tool is as follows. Table 3 Reliability Level of Measurement Tool The Spirituality Questionnaire was found to have adequate validity and reliability properties for student samples (Fehring et al., 1987;Carson et al., 1986;); adults Delaney (2005) and chronic patients (Reed 1987;Sodestrom & Martinson 1987;Highfield 1992). In this study, results showed that the reliability value is .826. This result indicates that the Spirituality Questionnaire has good value and can be accepted in the study.  Chua, 2014). This situation shows that the data has no issues and is suitable for factor analysis. Berlett's Test of Sphericity shows a significant value (p = .000) and shows that the correlation between the items is sufficient to perform a factor analysis. .000 Table 6 shows the total explained variance (the amount of explained variance) used for the measurement of a construct for all items in the inventory. The results indicate that the questionnaire items form four dimensions (four factors). There are four components (factors) that give an eigenvalue greater than 1. All these factors have contributed to 65.12 percent of the change in variance as a whole. By observing the percentage of variance for the factor loading values (rotation sums of squared loading's), all the factors have also contributed to more than 6.00 percent.   Howden (1992) defined transcendence as the ability to reach or go beyond the limits of usual experience, willingness, or the capacity for achieving wellness. It's also can defined as experience of rising above or overcoming bodily or psychic conditions. As we can see at table 7, there is 12 item include in component 1 (item 1, 2, 13, 5, 3, 6, 12, 4, 16, 8, 7 & 15), but only three item get factor loading value exceed 0.50, that is item 1, 2 and 6. Next, for component 2 is represents meaning in life. It's can defines as the process of searching for or discovering events or relationships that provide a sense or worth, hope and/or reason for living. Therefore, result from analysis show's that there is eight item include in component 2 which is item 3, 4, 16, 20, 18, 19, 7 and 14. For the third component is represent innerness or inner resources. Innerness means process of striving for or discovering wholeness, identity and a sense or empowerment. From the analysis, there is seven item include in this component which is item 13, 5, 12, 8, 9, 10 and 11. Last component in this questionnaire is unifying interconnectedness (item 14, 17 and 15). Unifying interconnectedness can defined as the feeling of relatedness or attachment to others, a sense of relationship to all of life and a feeling of harmony with self and others.  Table 8 as well shows the results for the division of dimensions or components for the research questionnaire as a result of the EFA procedure on 20 items. The factor loading value for each item must exceed 0.50 (Pett et al., 2003). Based on the rotated component matrix table below, it is showing the correlation between the items and their respective factors after varimax rotation. Factor 1 was found to contain three items that have a value above 0.3 which are item 1, item 2 and item 6. However, it was found that item item 6 was not suitable to be used because a negative value was obtained. As for factor 2, there are three items (item 20, item 18, item 19) with factor loading values of .612 to .833, while factor 3 contains three items, namely item 9, item 10 and item 11. Finally, for the fourth factor, there is only one item that obtained a factor loading value above .30, which is item 17. Therefore, based on the values that have been obtained, the fourth factor is not suitable to be used to measure aspects of individual spirituality. Next, the researcher refers to the scree plot results in Figure 1. The figure clearly illustrates that the questionnaire items contain four dimensions by using the EFA procedure.

Conclusion
The results of factor exploratory analysis have found that aspects of spirituality in individuals can be assessed based on several components or factors represented by several items. The reliability value obtained from the study has also proven that this questionnaire is suitable to be used in future studies. This is because Cronbach's alpha value is good and accepted in social science studies. This aspect of spirituality is needed in further study since it will affect an individual's life from all aspects. The results related to spirituality of this study will also indirectly be able to change and give understanding to related individuals of the meaning of life.