Dysgraphia : The Causes and Solutions

If art is one of the most important factors in the transmission of culture, it can firmly be said that handwriting is the best and brightest work of art that will remain for the future. In the modern world, people are connected together by handwriting and writing and make themselves known by it. Therefore, all human beings should be familiar with the basics of correct writing and express their intentions with good handwriting according to the acceptable norms and standards. Correct, beautiful, and legible writing should be trained in the first stages of education.


Introduction
It is believed that most people are lazy in writing and often prefer something that is free from the task of writing.It can be said that writing is the highest and most complex form of communication that is learned in the latest stage of language skills series.The listening, speaking, and reading are in fact a prerequisite for writing.In practice, writing deals with a few very specific skills including the ability to keep the subject in mind, setting the issue as words, drawing the graphical form of each letter and word, using correct tool for writing, and having enough visual-motor memory.Among the basic academic skills, writing has been called the most tangible skill.The difference between writing and other communication skills is the written document which remains.

Handwriting and its benefits
Handwriting is generally the storage of information.The data are written objectively and everyone can use it in every time and place.From the benefits of handwriting we can refer to the limited amount of data that human memory can hold and the unlimited amount of data that can be stored in written form.Thus, humans are not only able to learn the knowledge of their ancestors, but also they can use them to achieve new discoveries and new conclusions.Approaches related to writing disorders: In contemporary psychology literature, there are theoretically four approaches about the origins of writing disorders: A -Transition approach, B-Social-emotional approach and theories of personality, C-Neuro-psychophysiology approach, D-The approach of situation and mental state at the time of writing.In Transition approach, the creation and evolution of writing in children and its problems are examined.Jooriagr ( 1960) and his colleagues determine three stages for the development of writing in six to eleven years old normal children.The first period (six to seven years old) is the pre-calligraphy (preliminary drawing of letters and lines) stage.The second period (seven to ten years old) is the stage of general equilibrium in calligraphy (dominance of hand movements and removing the major problems).After the eleven years old period, writing reaches to equilibrium.

Dysgraphia and pre-writing skills:
The shortcomings of writing are related to the visual -motor coordination and dysgraphia.Many children cannot take advantage of the skills of writing by hand, because they have not learned the pre-writing skills.These skills include understanding the relationship between the upper and lower of body, recognition a variety of sizes and shapes, correct pencil grip, and correct paper position.Factors affecting bad handwriting: 1 -There are errors in the writing by hand: A) Excessive deviation to left B) Excessive deviation to right C) Writing with pressing hardly the pencil D) Excessive faded writing E) Excessive italic writing F) Excessive spacing 2 -Family related factors: Calligraphy is a skill that must be learned.If a child lives in an artist and talented family, he will not suffer from bad handwriting.3-Factors related to student: For appropriately writing, the child should physically and mentally be health.A -Dysfunction of the hand and fingers due to orthopedic injuries: -A healthy child should be able to grip the pen with three thumb, pointing, and middle fingers.If for any reason, there is a dysfunction of finger, there will be bad handwriting.
-The right median nerve damage can cause the disability of the thumb and will disrupt the writing.
-Sores on fingers -Limitation of motion in the joints of the wrist, fingers, elbow, and arm -Lesions in the elbow, forearm, and arm -Burns, fractures, and bruises -Fingers dysfunction due to neurological disorders B -Psychological factors and its impact on writing: Neurological conditions can cause muscle cramps in children.In other words, child's hand muscles contracts after writing a few lines and he will not be to write anymore.In this case, symptoms such as Paratony (contraction of a muscle and then lack of its relaxation) and anxiety-related reactions may be seen in writing.Also, restlessness, hyperactivity, and short attention and concentration span are factors that affect the handwriting of students.-Large and small handwriting -Improper spacing between letters and words -Messy writing -Tilted writing of letters and words -Getting out of the line How can we reduce the problems of writing?The interventions for reducing the writing problems can be divided into two general categories: 1. Medical and pharmaceutical intervention 2. Social-educational psychology intervention.

Teaching strategies to help children develop their writing skills
The following exercises illustrate techniques that can be useful in helping children to learn writing: 1 -On-board exercises: These exercises create the necessary skill before you start writing.Lines and geometric shapes of letters and numbers can be drawn with free movement of shoulder muscles, arms, hands, and fingers on the board.2 -Improving the writing with other devices: drawing or writing by finger on the ash tray or on the sand, flour, clay, and etc. can be used for improving the movement of fingers.
C -Left Hand: The bad handwriting of these children is due to not seeing the words.D -Poor seeing condition: Due to poor seeing condition, children get close to the paper.The various forms of bad handwriting: The bad handwriting of students has different forms including:

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
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