Market Structure and Efficiency of QISMUT Banking Sector

The aim of this study is to assess the market structure and efficiency of QISMUT (Qatar, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates and Turkey) banking market over the study period of 2006 to 2016. Concentration ratio and Herfindahl-Hirshman Index are used to measure market structure while efficiency is measured using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results show conventional banks in QISMUT are more concentrated than its counterpart, the Islamic banks. However, Islamic banks are found to be more efficient than the conventional banks.


Introduction
The presence of foreign banks in domestic market is one of the factors that affects the number of the banks in the industry. Mason (1939) mentioned that market structure affects the performance of the firms which is known as conduct in 'Structure-Conduct-Performance' paradigm. Increasing number of banks directly affects the market structure and competition in industry. This has been supported by Rajan and Zingales (2003) which mentioned that entry of foreign banks could trigger the competition. However, competition in financial industry also affects the stability of financial industry (Demirguc-Kunt & Detragiache, 1998;Demirguc-Kunt, Levine & Min, 1998).
On this note, Andries and Capraru (2012) mentioned competition affects the performance of the banks in terms of efficiency while Apergis and Polemis (2016) claimed efficiency of banks is triggered by the competition in context of European banking scenario. Schaeck and Cihak (2008) offered support to the former study that high competition would increase firms' profits. Casu and Girardone (2009) added inefficient banks are mostly acquired by the big banks to improve the efficiency in industry.
QISMUT Islamic banking market offers an interesting avenue to investigate the efficiency performance of the banks. QISMUT banking market consists of six countries namely Qatar, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Turkey. On this note, Islamic banking assets is dominated by QISMUT countries because these countries are known as the rapid growth market especially in Islamic banking sector globally (Ernst & Young, 2016). In this respect, QISMUT Islamic banks contributes 80 percent (%) of market shares higher than the conventional banks in QISMUT banking market. It is interesting to include conventional banks of QISMUT in this study because of most population are Muslim but some countries are dominated by conventional banks in terms of total assets. It is interesting to highlight past studies have tended to focus on regions such as Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and Asian countries. Hence, this study aims to fill the gap in the previous studies whereby there is no study focus on QISMUT; this study also aims to compare the efficiency performance between Islamic and conventional banks in QISMUT banking sector. Specifically, this study investigates the market structure and the main sources of efficiency performance and decomposes its sources, namely scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency of QISMUT banking market over the period of 2006 to 2016. The remaining of this paper consists of sections dealing with the empirical studies of intellectual capital as presented in Past Studies section follows by Data and Methodology section. The subsequent section presents the results and the discussion of the results while the Conclusion sections offers summary of the results as well the policy implications.

Past Studies
Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm developed by Mason (1939) is under structural approach with other measurements such as concentration ratio (CR), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and efficiency hypothesis. SCP paradigm gained more attention from the researchers including Bain (1951Bain ( , 1956. In SCP, performance of the firms was influenced by conduct. Conduct in this context, refers to non-pricing competition. The structural approach mostly used by the researcher in order to analyse the concentration and market structure. Non-structural approach developed as the researchers found deficiencies in traditional structural approach. The measurements in nonstructural approach consists of Panzar-Rosse model and Lerner Index. In other words, non-structural approach is known as New Empirical Industrial Organisation (NEIO) which are extension from SCP paradigm. Under NEIO, conduct in SCP trigger the competition in industry. In order to measure the competitiveness environment, Lerner Index and Panzar-Rosse are used since CR and HHI from structural approach are not measuring the competition. In terms of performance, the efficiency of the firms can be evaluated. According to 'Quiet Life Hypothesis' by Hicks (1935), firms that has market power often neglects the activities of the management which cause the inefficiency in the banks. In contrast, Demsetz (1973) came out with 'efficient structure hypothesis'. The gist of the hypothesis is efficient banks would create high profits which reflects an extraordinary performance. Mkrtchyan (2005) found that Armenian banking sector operate under monopolistic competition in year 2001 to 2003 by using Panzar-Rosse approach. Meanwhile, Bhatti and Hussain (2010) found there is positive relationship between concentration and profitability. However, it was found negative relationship between market share and profitability. The findings do not support ES hypothesis. In addition, Gajurel and Pradhan (2012) found that there is high competition in interestbased market. Hassan, Mohamad and Bader (2009) studied the efficiency in Middle East banks consists of Islamic and conventional. The findings show that there are no differences in overall efficiency score between conventional and Islamic banks. Ahmad, Noor and Sufian (2010) found that Islamic banks' pure technical efficiency (PTE) are more efficient compare to scale efficiency (SE). It was found that PTE are affecting technical efficiency (TE). Kablan and Yousfi (2011) found the size of the bank insignificant meanwhile market power and profitability have negative impact on efficiency.
In addition, Ab-Rahim, Kadri and Ismail (2013) found Islamic banks especially local banks are inefficient compare to Islamic foreign banks in terms of allocative efficiency and PTE. Besides, the authors also found allocative efficiency is the main contributor of cost efficiency in Malaysian Islamic banks. In contrast, Sillah and Harrathi (2015) found conventional banks perform well in terms of their efficiency score during financial crisis in 2008 compare to Islamic banks by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In terms of nexus between competition and efficiency, Ningaye, Mathilde and Luc (2014) found competition affects profit efficiency positively than cost efficiency. Andries and Capraru (2014) used Granger causality to find the relationship between competition and efficiency, it was found that efficiency positively affects the competition. Ab-Rahim (2016) studied the competition and efficiency of commercial banks and it was found that the concentration in commercial banks and affect positively on efficiency in terms of TE and PTE. The findings of Repkova and Stavarek (2013) shows efficiency and competition are positive relationship which also supported 'Quiet Life Hypothesis'. Apergis and Polemis (2016) found the banking industry of MENA is monopolistic and efficiency causes market share and concentration which result the profitability of the banks.

Methodology
In order to measure the concentration of the banking sector, Concentration Ratio and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) are been used. Next, the measurement to examine the efficiency score of pure technical efficiency (PTE), technical efficiency (TE) and scale efficiency (SE) by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The period of the study involved are from year 2006 to 2016 and the data is extracted from Orbis Backscope. The dataset consists of 60 conventional and 32 Islamic banks in QISMUT banking market. The inputs and output variables employed in this study are adopted from the previous studies by De Guevara, Maudos and Perez (2005), Weill (2004) and Hamza and Kachtouli (2014) which is based on intermediation approach.

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)
= 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + s4 2 . . . Decision-Making Units (DMU) will be evaluated from amount of different inputs (K) will produce different of outputs (M). DEA and DMU measure the efficiency in terms of overall technical efficiency. xi and yi are the K times N input matrix and K times M output matrix for ith DMU. X which is K times N and Y is K times M for all data, N of DMUs. Finding the value of u and v are to prevent the problem of the infinite number if the efficiency of ith DMU is maximized.
= 1 -' ≤ 0 = 1,2, … , ≥ 0 (4) u and p are from the transformation value of u and v. Linear programming difficulties from the envelopment are shown as below: is a scalar while are N times 1 which is vector of constants. The efficiency of the score in ith DMU represent by the value of and this can be solved by N.
N1 is an N time 1. Technical efficiency (TE) scores are from CRS model and pure technical efficiency (PTE) scores are from a variable return to scale (VRS). Scale efficiency (SE) are from CRS to VRS.  Table 1, in terms of total assets, the mean shows that Islamic banks (0.73) are more concentrated compare to conventional (0.58) banking sectors. This reflects that the size of the banks in QISMUT are dominated by Islamic banks as shown in concentration ratio. The lowest concentration ratio in total assets are scored by Malaysia for its conventional and Islamic banking sector. This indicates that Malaysian banking sector high competition compare to Qatar (0.87) and Indonesia (0.89) for conventional and Islamic banking sector respectively. Next, for total loans, once again Islamic (0.75) banks recorded as concentrated in market of loans in QISMUT according to their mean. It shows that the competition level for market of loans are less competitive because of the preferences or the majority of Muslim in these countries. Besides, it indicates that conventional banking sector in QISMUT are competitive to attract customers which only recorded 0.58. Saudi Arabia score 0.45 in total loans which means that conventional banking sector are quite competitive compare to Qatar (0.87). For Islamic banking sector, Malaysia once again found to be competitive with score of 0.51 compare to Indonesia, 0.89. Similar to market of deposits, conventional concentration ratio, 0.58 which is quite high competition compare to Islamic banking sector. Among QISMUT countries, Malaysia are experience in high competition with score of 0.44 and 0.42 for conventional and Islamic banking sector respectively. As for Figure 1, the trend is similar with the concentration ratio of QISMUT in total assets, total loans and deposits. It indicates that HHI of Islamic banks are higher than conventional. This reflects that QISMUT Islamic banking sector are less competitive than its conventional banking sector.  Table 2 shows the efficiency score of QISMUT conventional and Islamic banking sector. In terms of PTE, it shows that Islamic banking sector are more efficient compare to conventional. This means that Islamic banks has succeed to utilize their inputs to produce their outputs. In order to compare countries, it was found that Saudi Arabia are the most efficient in its Islamic banking sector which score 100 among other QISMUT countries. Interestingly, in conventional banking sector, once again Saudi Arabia are found to be efficient. In contrast, from

Conclusion
The results of this study show QISMUT Islamic banks are more concentrated as compare to conventional banks; which could be explained by the dominance of Islamic banks in the context of QISMUT banking market. The findings also indicate QISMUT Islamic banks are more efficient than the conventional banks. This finding was supported by Abdul-Rahman and Rosman (2013) which found that Islamic banks in QISMUT are found to be efficient. The results imply Islamic banks are more efficient in managing their inputs. In addition, the findings show the changes of market structure in QISMUT banking market is due to increasing the demand of Islamic finance and services.
Since QISMUT are the major players in Islamic banking sector, it is interesting to study and compare their market structure and efficiency for both sectors. Unique concept of Islamic banking attracts the customers in QISMUT despite their population are Muslim majority. The main findings indicate Islamic banking are more concentrated compare to conventional banking sector. The policymakers should create the guidelines in order both banking sectors become efficient. These implemented guidelines will encourage banks to minimize the costs and reduce the wastage of their inputs in order to produce outputs.