Comparative Study of Parental Involvement and Private Tuition regarding Educational Attainment of Students

This research work was focused on the “comparative study of parental involvement and private tuition regarding educational attainments of students at secondary school level”. A sample of 80 students of 10 class from ten different secondary schools was taken. To analyze the results t-test was used. In this comparison it was conducted that parental involvement turn out significant effect on student educational attainments as compared to private tuition. On the bases of results researcher has analyzed that when parents involve in the studies of their children then their educational attainments is high as compared to private tuition.


INTRODUCTION
At secondary school level students need maximum guidance to increase their academic performance and to compete with their peers.Parent participation is considered to be a very crucial and positive force in a child's educational attainments.In Pakistan some parents involve in the educational activities of their children but some cannot involve so those parents who are not involve in the educational activities of their children they arrange private tuition for the academic enhancement of their children.Parental involvement is highly correlated with the educational performance of their children.Additionally, parental involvement also leads to increased time spent on homework effectively, which in turn has a positive effect on educational attainments of children.
In Pakistan most parents provide each and every educational facility to their children but don't participate in the educational activities of their children, so to increase the educational abilities of their children they arrange private tuition.Generally in Pakistan there are two kinds of tuition system are working i.e. private home tuition and private tuition centers.
In Pakistan the most parents provide tuition facilities to their children due to some reasons, first that the parents are illiterate, second they have no time due to their jobs, third they come late in their homes, fourth they are too much busy in increasing their economic condition etc.These parents want to decrease the academic deficiency and to increase academic ability of their Epstein (1997) explained that those parent's who involve in the different educational activities of their children can improve their performance in each and every field.He also discussed that how children learn and grow through three overlapping spheres of influence: family, community, and school.The parents must watch each and every activity in these areas.Epstein also defined six types of involvement based on the relationships between family, community, and school: skills, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community.He explained that all of these six types of involvement need to be included to have successful partnerships, and to enhance the educational performances of the children.Grolnick (1994) explained three dimensions of parent participation based on how parent-child interactions affect students schooling, readiness, motivation, and performance.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Parent participation effect on academic achievement
1. Parent's behavioral participation: refers to parents public actions representing their interest in their child's education to increase their abilities.2. Parent's personal participation: means parent-child interactions that communicate positive and better attitudes about school and the importance of education to the child.3. Parent's intellectual participation: refers to thinking and rationale that promote children's skill development and knowledge, such as reading books and going to school etc.According to this theory parental participation affects student attainments because these interactions affect students' motivation, readiness, interest in education, their sense of competence, and the belief that they have control over their success in school.Hilton (1998) parent participation has positive influence on students educational attainments is so naturally appealing that it have considered an important ingredient for the remedy of many problems in education.A meta-analysis was conducted to produce the quantitative literature about the relationship between parental involvement and students' educational attainments, the findings expose meaningful relationship between parental involvement and educational attainments.Through moderator analysis, it was revealed that parental expectation for children's academic achievement has the strongest relationship with student's educational attainments.Hoover (1995) defined parental involvement broadly to include home-based activities and school-based activities.He argued that parental involvement is a function of a parent's beliefs about parental roles and responsibilities, parent's belief in the sense that they can help their children in school life, and can remove the coming difficulties and improve the performance of their children in the right direction.When parents get involved, children's schooling is affected through their acquisition of knowledge, learning, motivation, skills, and an increased sense of confidence that they can succeed in school.Schlosser (2005) described that different theories predict a significant effect of parental involvement on future academic attainments of children.The parent's involvement is much more effect on the educational attainments of the students at secondary level, so there is a strong positive correlation between parental involvement and educational attainment, in this way the parents can motivate, develop interest in education, remove confusion and increase the abilities.
Stanley & Schachter (1979) parent participation play a very crucial role in the educational attainments of their children, parents should check the activities of their children in three areas i.e. school, society and home in this way they can easily remove the difficulties of their children and can enhance the performance of their children.In some researches it has been observed that father has an important and crucial effect on the educational attainments of the children but in some researches mother has more effect on the educational attainments of the children.Combine participation of father and mother can too much increase the performance of their children.

Role of tuition on the academic achievement of students
Laosa G (1989) after school, students have home work to which they solve in their homes, and at secondary level it is not possible for the students to solve this work without any help.The science students observe so many things happening all around them, moreover science subjects require that theories and underlying principles be experimented on from time to time so as to prove their validity in relation to the occurrences that happen all around us.Some children have this in-born curiosity, they ask so many questions.Thus, the best thing is the parent's participation which can do very well in fostering the qualities of your children that make them achieve success in life.On the other hand due to non availability of parental participation the home tuition is the best alternative to solve all the problems of the children.Becker B S (2001) what is the most significant advantage of private tuition?It is the opportunity for children to be able to improve and rely on their own skills and knowledge to come up with answers to how the world works.Private tuition for science subjects does involve experimenting on scientific principles to discover how the world works, with the help of private tuition they can remove their confusion, difficulties and can do best in the classroom, because in this stage the students are curious about different type of things.

Benefits of private Tuition
Goh C (2010) various benefits of private tuition for students some are listed below:  In private tuition the students are in the special attention which may be the lacking point in their traditional classrooms in schools. Private tuition helps the students to build confidence and speed up their learning process, this is very important for student to discover the most effective way for learning. Sometimes the students are afraid of difficult subjects, with the help of private tuition, they are able to focus more on those difficult subjects, also in private tuition students must take full advantage and try various exercises so that they are able to improve their performance.
 In private tuition, the students are able to share the opinions, ideas and difficulties with their teacher, also private tuition open every communication channel for students in which they participate and remove difficulties. In private tuition, parents are able to get in touch with the teachers to see the progress of their children, in this way the parents are well informed about each and every activity of their children.
Kay N C (2010) the importance and popularity of private tuition is increasing day by day due to the busy life of parents.He also explained that secondary school students who take advantage of private tuition are out performing their peers.Many parents believe that private tuition is only beneficial for younger children but it has also observes that it is equally beneficial for the secondary students.Moreover, private tuition for students will develop sound independent study skills as they focus on continuous learning on their own.For secondary school level students deciding on tuition program will not only help them achieve their academic goals but with the right levels of support and guidance will prepare them well for the next stage in their chosen career.
Private Tuition Culture Barone C (2006) parents pay much more on the private tuitions of their children than the regular school fees in order to increase the academic ability of their children.Now in the poor families, parents are under tremendous pressure to send their children for private tuition, because due to poor quality of education in government schools.The supremacy of private tuition may reflect a strange academic culture where competitive pressure and high aspirations combine to create an environment in which tuition is seen as requirement for any kind of educational attainments.
Hughes K (2010) as a parent you may choose a home tutor for private tuition to help your child who has not achieved the lecture of teacher in school.Private tuition is too much near to your needs, because in home tuition individual attention is provided to the children's.Private tuition can increase levels of performance, confidence, motivation and readiness and develop study skills that can be applied on various subjects.Private tuition is not just for children; adult can also improve their performance and ability in this way.
Charles Cheow (2010) in a school there are so many subjects are offered to the students some subjects are easy and according to the mental level of the students but some subjects are difficult and confusing these subject demand consistent guidance and supervision, so with the help of private tuition these difficulties can be removed.If parents choose better tutor for their children then they can improve their school performance and knowledge.When a child comes home with poor grade, the first thing that brings to mind is the thought of a private tuition.