Autonomous Orientation and Delinquent Behavioral Change: A Case Study of Ex-Juvenile Entrepreneurs in Katsina State, Nigeria

Contemporary Entrepreneurship argument discovered the importance and the positive influence of autonomous orientation as one of the Entrepreneurial orientations (EO) towards organizational performance and profitability. However, discussion of autonomous orientation in the context of individuals such as entrepreneurs behavioral change influence still silent, especially in the context of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs that can give an insight into the Entrepreneurship body of knowledge. Therefore, the purposes of this research are to understand the role of autonomous orientation behaviors as one of the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientations (IEO) towards the delinquent behavioral change of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs. This study forms the EO autonomous orientation behaviors influence towards ex-juvenile delinquent behavioral change through qualitative single case study, the study employed thematic analyses and NVivo 12 Pro computer software to organize the empirical data obtained through an in-depth interviews 10 cases of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs who are operating entrepreneurial activities in Katsina state, Nigeria. This study argues that entrepreneurial orientation influence towards delinquent behavioral change. The study found that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous and more importantly autonomous orientation behaviors has a positive influence on ex-juvenile entrepreneurs’ delinquent behavioral change. This finding provides a fresh knowledge about the IEO potential in the entrepreneur self-development and understanding into the entrepreneurship and to policymakers. Lastly, we conclude some implications for future research to expand the research (Theoretically, Conceptually and Empirically) of the IEO autonomous orientation behaviors among individuals’ behavioral changes particularly, delinquent populace behavioral change in entrepreneurship context. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 0 , No. 6, June, 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS 166

discovers that majority of the studies largely centered on the prison entrepreneurship programs towards adult prisoners and reflected inconsistent findings (Downing, 2012;Soloman, 2012). And entirely neglecting ex-juvenile entrepreneurs.
Consequently, investigation on delinquent populace found that approximately prisoners partake entrepreneurial talent and potentiality for entrepreneurship (Sonfield, 2010;2013). Therefore, the empirical literature in the context of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs is limited and ambiguous precisely in developing countries like Nigeria. Nevertheless, several individuals in Nigeria were imposed into creating entrepreneurial undertakings due to the absence of other opportunities (Reynolds et al., 2002;Mota, Braga, & Ratten, 2019). Therefore, autonomous entrepreneurial activities which ex-juvenile entrepreneurs strive increased decision-making autonomous might be helpful for their business success and delinquent behavioral change. Even though autonomy is imperative to the business success that individuals pursue, scanty or zero study about the influence of autonomous orientation towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral change. Accordingly, the present study offers the following contributions: We contribute to this fresh knowledge by revealing the substantiality of autonomous orientation influence on ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities and consequent delinquent behavior change.
Lastly, our study proceeds as follows. First, we review the EO theory autonomous dimension, second, we review IEO dimension: Autonomous orientation and ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral change. Thirdly, we develop a proposition based on outlines of IEO autonomous dimension which discourse to the level to which autonomy impact the context of the study. Then, using data from ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' who are currently engaging into different entrepreneurial activities in Katsina state, Nigeria. This study support society's concern about what ex-juvenile does among the society. Hence, it is of the society's interest for exjuvenile to secure employment and become self-reliance. Nevertheless, it is very problematic for ex-juvenile to find meaningful employment after leaving Reformatory Centre. We examine the proposition and discuss the results. The purposes of this study are: ➢ To investigate autonomous orientation influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities. ➢ To examine the autonomous orientation influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral changes.

Literature Review and Proposition Development Ex-juvenile Entrepreneurs and Delinquent Behavioral Change
Ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are juvenile released from reformatory centers and currently engaging into entrepreneurial activities who creates choices and opportunities for innovation within the framework of entrepreneurship. There are prevailing frequent empirical studies on entrepreneurial autonomous in areas dealing with delinquent entrepreneurs and its impacts upon release resulted from prisons entrepreneurship programs (Sonfield, 2008;Downing, 2012;Soloman, 2012;Sonfield, 2013). Basically, Prison Entrepreneurship Programs influence prisoners to have entrepreneurial aptitude and potentiality for entrepreneurial success (Sonfield, 2001). Furthermore, Sonfield, (2013) revealed that, 8% drop of delinquency rates also save the social order by 5 times the programs expenses. In view of the entrepreneurship' literature, ex-juvenile entrepreneurs research is entirely missing or not surfacing. One of the absent literatures is the discussion on how autonomous influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneur's delinquent behavioral change. Resulting in lack of significant studies conducted on ex-juvenile entrepreneurs in Katsina state, Nigeria. Therefore, this study empirically examines the influence of single IEO dimension, autonomous orientation towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurs towards delinquent behavioral change. Considering most of the studies concentrate on adult prisoners none study on ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' surface so far, and autonomous on ex-juvenile entrepreneur's business performance.

Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory: Autonomous Dimension
Research revealed that IEO concept covering multidimensions can be measured together (Lumpkin et al., 2009) can also be study disjointedly (Lumpkin & Dess, 2001;Wang, 2008), depends on the background. In this study EO dimension autonomous orientation will be study separately. Despite its importance, the theoretical behavior of entrepreneurial independence surface, with slight theorizing relating to the concept. Autonomous is generally related to freedom, and impact (Lange, 2012), taking affairs (Stephan et al., 2015), and flexibility (Edelman et al., 2010;Jayawarna, et al., 2013). These parts state to decision freedom concerning when effort is done, correspondingly. These types of autonomy are applied to business owners and research revealed that autonomous is the reason individuals initiate, and manage own business Stephan et al., 2015). According to Lumpkin and Dess, (1996) autonomy comes from two perceptions, recognizing its significance for entrepreneurship and its important in new entry by business owners. The later theme about entrepreneurs is specifically significant when bearing in mind autonomy in the background of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs. The importance of EO, autonomous is also used in the management literature in the context of freedom to decision making (Taggart, 1997). Taking decision freedom concerning how, when and what business decision will be done concerning strategy situation direction of the venture (Lumpkin et al., 2009).

IEO: Autonomous Orientation and Ex-Juvenile Entrepreneurs
Autonomous freedom encourages entrepreneurial activities satisfaction and success. Existing research revealed that entrepreneurs viewed as related autonomous. While considerable difference happens, satisfaction level comparing to their workers to the extent to be explained by the increasing of autonomous they exercise (Lange, 2012;Stephan, 2018). The business owners could manage and control within the business then may work in a risky location; business associate will like to have their opinion, and uncertainty about the business growths can be severe. Van Gelderen, (2016) also revealed that self-endorsement is important to autonomy; business entrepreneurs frequently autonomously decide to temporarily sacrifice their autonomy; this imply that to be provisional. EO Autonomy has not been explored in the context of ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities.
Empirical research revealed mixed reaction about the influence of autonomous influence, Jancenelle, et al., (2017) found positive influence on performance, also Chen, Neubaum, and Reilly, (2015), found positive autonomy influence towards business performance. Contrary, negative significance influence between autonomous and business performance by Hughes and Morgan (2007) found. Similarly, research found no significance relationship between autonomous and performance (Lechner & Gudmundsson, 2014). EO, autonomy assume in its fundamental theoretical statement that higher EO, in proper formations with other key factors such as environment, might influence performance positively Rauch et al.'s (2009). Rauch et al., (2009, propose relationships to performance are possible composite and may be issue to situations in the business background. Therefore, autonomous orientation is rather inconsistent and ambiguous research finding (Zellweger & Sieger, 2012;Jancenelle, et al. 2017).
In addition, EO, autonomous orientation numerous researches have established that autonomous has been positively influence to business performance (Awang et al., 2009). Nevertheless, additional researchers do not believe such impacts for instance (Hughes & Morgan, 2007;Casillas & Moreno, 2010). However, none of these studies linked autonomous influence towards delinquent behavioral change therefore, autonomous influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurs is not yet explored. The varied nature of autonomous influence displayed the need to expand knowledge about this influence and relationship of autonomous towards exdelinquent populace. Despite the fact that theorizing on business autonomy is scanty from the literature, important consideration has been specified to the autonomy of workforces.
Even though, there are prevailing frequent empirical studies on entrepreneurial autonomous in areas dealing with delinquent populace (Prisoners' Entrepreneurship Programs) and its impacts upon release. As a result, on this study we build on the prevailing literature on prisons entrepreneurship programs (Downing 2012;Soloman, 2012;Sonfield, 2013;Cai, et al., 2019). Sonfield, (2001) in his study Prison Entrepreneurship Programs (PEP) in their research found that almost all prisoners are talent and likely for entrepreneurial success. Similarly, Sonfield, (2013) revealed that, 8% decrease of delinquency rates and save the society by 5 times of the programs expenses. But the issue is that most businesses are very cautious to employ such individuals. Until now, unemployed delinquent populace is likely to commit other crimes than those who secure an employment (Jackson, 1990). Therefore, 'the knowledge of financial freedom (autonomous) identify more opportunities and empower individual on how to pursue their goals, depends with the rule and regulation, real opposition from others. Lack of regulation is link to financial freedom this resulting in to the violation of decision freedom right of entrepreneurs by others, Heritage Foundation, (2015: 5).
Therefore, self-employment as opposed to employment by others offers a likely alternative for ex-delinquent and a possible approach in decreasing recidivism rate. it can be shown that ex-delinquent does indeed may have skills for entrepreneurship, then arguments can be made for the implementation of autonomous (self-reliance) for the ex-juvenile entrepreneurs, as it is certainly in society's top safeties for ex-delinquents to secure a job. In view of the delinquent's entrepreneurship orientation autonomous dimension' literature, ex-juvenile entrepreneurs research is entirely missing or not surfacing. So, in this study we explore the autonomous orientation influence towards Ex-juvenile entrepreneurs for the first time therefore, we propose the following proposition: Proposition: Individual Entrepreneurial orientation: Autonomous orientation influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral change.

Research Methodology
The researchers employed qualitative research approach to examine ex-juvenile entrepreneurial orientation; autonomous dimension influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral change in Nigeria. This method has been applied in examining stock market investors' behavior (Tijjani et al., 2009: Mohamad & Perry, 2015. The study has a multiple reality because the researchers are investigating about the individual perception about a phenomenon as the objective of the study come from different perspective which comprise, human feeling, behaviors, emotion and this required in-depth understanding of the phenomenon which cannot be measured using quantitative approach. "qualitative method can be used to obtain the in-depth understanding about the phenomenon as feeling thought, process and emotion that is difficult to extract or learn about through more conventional method". (Straus and covin, 1998: Pp. 11). In addition, qualitative is bases on the above justification and because we need nature or reality autonomous orientation of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs through the qualitative approach the researcher is able to achieve objective of the study and the reality of the phenomenon.

Research Design
An In-depth interview was conducted to ex-juvenile entrepreneurs in Katsina state, using open questions on IEO dimensions, established and refined (adapted) by the authors. The responses were coded, categorized and organized using NVivo 12 Pro computer software. Hence data was saturated at the total of 10 th interviews were carried out to compliment the need of present research exercise as suggested by Given (2016) as saturation point. In addition, Saunders, (2018) found that five to six interviews and Francis et al. (2016) said, in five to six interview majority of the themes could be known. This is consistent with our own experience during a current ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' study where saturation point occurred around 10 interviews. For this study, the snow-ball technique sampling is applied as the topic under study is sensitive and confidential in nature, ex-juvenile entrepreneurs might be unwilling to talk about their delinquents' behavior and imprisonment record (Loh, et al., 2011).
Regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria, the participants of the study informant where choose base on those who are the residents of the Katsina state for the inclusion criteria, it was decided to involve only ex-juvenile who are presently engaging into a different entrepreneurial activity and who were detained and released from Katsina state Reformatory Centre and capable of understanding the purpose of the study. However, only those who were below 18 years as at the time of admission into the Reformatory Centre, were selected even though presently they are above 18 years during the interview had also been considered. See Appendix 1 depicts the demographic profile of Research Participants study (ex-juvenile entrepreneurs).

Data Analysis Procedures
The information was coded by using thematic analysis measures drew by Fugard, & Potts, (2015). Thematic analysis is used for analyzing, identifying and reporting approach.
Step one any factor interrelated to the knowledge of autonomous orientation and its expansion is coded. Codes can be seen as 'the main basic section, of the data that might be evaluated in an expressive means concerning the phenomena' (Boyatzis, 1998: 63). This first-order code emerged from the transcript and does not contain an explanation. Then, the first-order codes are assembled organized at abstraction construct towards content resemblances, and the procedure is recurring till a restricted figure of higher-order codes develop, that is considered as category or themes. The interviews were recorded, and transliterated in Hausa Language one of the popular speaking language in West African countries particularly Nigeria, translated version of the interview into English language by research team members. The team work together in all stages of the study,  (Denzin, 1989) each interview was individualistically coded by using NVivo 12 Pro computer software. Every paragraph in every interview was then discussed comprehensively with the purpose to explain the meaning and clarification of the autonomous experiences labeled by the informants. The process led to frequent interpretations and coding modifications and also made members conscious of expectations and biases. A procedure of theoretical coding (Guest et al., 2012) was applied to solve differences of over codes. For the purpose to remain focused on exjuvenile entrepreneurs autonomous, we modified and review the earlier themes identified into the final themes for being autonomous of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs and their influence financial freedom, enacting entrepreneurial activities and decision freedom. The major finding which give more clearness on the graphic interpretation of ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' autonomous behaviors and delinquent behavioral change in our conceptual development map in figure 1.

The Autonomous Orientation Behaviors of Ex-Juvenile Entrepreneurs
The interviews focused on ex-juvenile entrepreneur's autonomous orientation behaviors of the interviewee and their influence on autonomous orientation. The study found that exjuvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous. The finding emerged from the themes autonomous while their influence on entrepreneurial activities resulting on financial freedom, enacting entrepreneurial activities and decision freedom. However, within the autonomous influence we construct five sub categories which described ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral change (Drugs addicts, Drugs peddlers, Gang star, School truancy and Pick pocketing). The autonomous orientation usually showed that the interviewees partake financial freedom, enacting entrepreneurial activities and decision freedom. These behaviors made to assess exjuvenile entrepreneurs autonomous. Therefore, ex-juvenile entrepreneurs need to exercise their autonomous freedom. The interviewee perception about autonomous are either financial freedom, enacting entrepreneurial activities or decision freedom. This behavior arose because participant feel autonomous which has positive influence strongly on their entrepreneurial activities and their subsequent behavioral change. Nevertheless, their experiences and autonomous vary.

Theme 1: Developing and Enacting Entrepreneurial Initiatives
Developing and enacting Entrepreneurial Initiatives: was one of the themes of ex juvenile autonomous orientation behaviors. This behavior arises when these individuals initiate and manage their entrepreneurial activities with aims to be self-reliance because they believe being self-reliance or independency make them autonomous. The study finding reveled that, exjuvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are selfreliance and independent, for not being reliant on family, friends and relatives. This also imply that most of the participants choose to engage into several entrepreneurial activities in order to be self-reliance and stay away from delinquent friends. Additionally, the researchers carefully observe ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities through rough assessment of their business activities and exposed that, ex-juvenile entrepreneurs had little knowledge of enacting entrepreneurial activities practice we also observed that the ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities are necessity-based entrepreneurship. However, delinquent behaviors background plays a role in exercising entrepreneurial activities it has been depicted in the demographic and delinquent behavioral records of the participants this have an impact about their entrepreneurial activities' success. On the support the participants of the study exposed that. On their statement both participants both PP1 and PP8 former drug addicts narrates that: (PP1, M, 29, Tinker) "……I initiate my own business because I want to be selfsufficient to depend on myself. Being on my own, I can take care of myself and my family without waiting or relying on anybody…" (PP8, M, 26, Metal work)"…it is foolishness to depend totally on somebody for basic needs, is better for me to work for myself because, it is foolishness that am to be depended on somebody at my age…" Equally, both participants PP6 and PP5 whose were previously drugs peddlers elucidates that: (PP6, M, 29, Furniture) "…. I choose to start my own business without any assistance just to be independent and reliable, and you see how my business is progressing now…." (PP5, M, 28, Defeather) "…. Am presently engaged into a legal business which I totally depends on and I am neither a drug user nor drug seller even though still some people stigmatized and libelled me as delinquent person…." Dissimilar reaction, both participants PP7 and PP3 whose were previously truant students admits that: (PP7, M, 28, furniture) "…. better to be independent, because now I can take care of myself and even my mummy, then, I am independent and have an established business…." (PP3, M, 23, Motorcycle rewire/Spare part seller) I want to be independents without relying on anybody even my parent…" Other participants reply from PP10 and PP2 the duo former Pick-pocketer explained that: (PP10, M, 18, Furniture) "……is better and more appropriate to be independent than depend on somebody at least now I am earning some income and running my business without much problem except shortage of capital, which am planning to overcome……" (PP2, M, 25, Trader) "…..am self-sufficient. I please and proved to my parent that I am truly transformed …..." Related reaction, both participants PP4 and PP9 whose were previously Gang stars stated that elucidates that: (PP4, M, 19, Furniture) "……in facts I am now self-reliance, standing on my feet without begging or depending on anybody…." (PP9, M, 30, Vulcanizer) "…. Am selfreliance, busy in the market always you know engaging into this vulcanizing business, you need to be at work from morning to midnight due to the nature of the business…." (IDIs Recording Fieldwork, 2019).

Theme 2: Financial Freedom
Financial freedom was one of the themes of ex juvenile entrepreneur's autonomous orientation behaviors. This behavior ascends when these individuals have financial freedom performances in terms of financial decision making, and such decision on their own without external pressure. The study finding reveled that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs has financial freedom in running and managing their businesses. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous in terms financial freedom. The ex-juvenile entrepreneurs attempt to utilizes their financial abilities to meet their necessity with make a little progress of their businesses.
Researchers observed and revealed that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are lacking financial discipline. Furthermore, the researchers dedicated their time to carefully observe ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities through rough assessment of their business activities and exposed that, had little knowledge of financial business ethics practice which unnecessary financial spending instead of ploughing back profit as a source of capital to sole business proprietors. Whereas, delinquent behaviors background plays a role in exercising their financial freedom as it has been depicted in the demographic and delinquent behavioral records of the informants this have an impact about their financial freedom behaviors. On the support the Participant of this study revealed that; On his statement one of the participants of this study PP1 a former drug addicts narrates that: (

Theme 3: Decision Freedom
Freedom of decision was one category of ex juvenile autonomous orientation behaviors. This behavior arises when these individuals take decision without outsider compression with much mindful implication of such decision. The study finding revealed that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous in terms of decision making. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous. On the backing the participants of the study revealed that; Participants PP1 and P8 both former drug addicts narrate that: (

The Autonomous Orientation Influence towards Ex-juvenile Entrepreneurs' Delinquent Behavioral Change.
The finding on delinquent behavioral change emerged from five themes, these are: Abstained from drugs addicts, stopped drugs peddling, stopped Pick-pocketing, quieting from Gang stars activities and stopped School truancy. The finding from the study revealed that exjuvenile entrepreneurs abstained from different delinquent behaviors due to their business commitment. This imply that autonomous orientation influence ex-juvenile entrepreneurs delinquent behavioral change.

Theme 1: Abstained Drugs Addicts
Abstained from drugs addict: was one of the themes of ex juvenile delinquent behavioral change This behavior rises when these individuals abstained from drugs addict. The study found that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs abstained from drugs addicts which imply that they withdrawal from the illicit drugs habit due to their business commitment. Drugs addict is influenced by autonomous orientation behavior. Ex-juvenile entrepreneurs tend to be positive when making being autonomous and desire for more self-reliance, resulting in delinquent behavioral change. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs perceive to autonomous and undertake and facilitate entrepreneurial activities. These suggestions affirmed with participants' PP8 and PP1 asserted that: (PP8, M, 28, Metal work) "…. I stopped drugs addicts and now always busy in my workshop…" (PP1, M, 29, Tinker) "……. I was a drug user and addicted to the highest level due to my independency I gate ride of drugs, and not associating myself with delinquent friends…." (IDIs Recording Fieldwork, 2019).

Theme 2: Stopped Drugs Peddlers
Abstained from drugs peddling: was one of the themes of ex juvenile delinquent behavioral change This behavior rises when these individuals abstained from drugs addict. The study found that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs abstained from drugs peddling which imply that they desist from the illegal drugs peddling due to engagement into entrepreneurial activities. On the support the informants of the study duo describe that: (PP5, M, 28, Defeather) "…. being an entrepreneurially autonomous presently not involve in drugs business, I abstained from using drugs, am now comfortable and self-reliance. I can move freely now without any fear …." (PP2,M,25,Trader) "…I was a drugs user and drugs seller but now am engaging into legal business now. I stopped drugs trading and drugs use, I abstained from all delinquent behaviour and dis-associated myself from delinquents' friends…." (IDIs Recording Fieldwork, 2019).

Theme 3: School Truancy
School truancy was another more theme of ex-juvenile delinquent behavioral change This behavior escalated when these individuals changes from school truancy. The study finding revealed that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's behavior changes from school truancy to entrepreneurial activities. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's truancy behavior changes due to their business obligation. So, on the support the informants of the study views that; PP7 and PP3 ex-truant students narrated that: (PP7, M, 25, Engine Oil Seller) "…am no longer a truant student since engaged into legal business activities (Selling of Engine Oil and Petroleum business) I became a businessman and this led to the stoppage of truancy so, am no longer in truancy, am now a businessman…" (PP3, M, 23, Petroleum Seller)"……I was detained in reformatory centre due to the school truancy but now finished school and doing this business. therefore, no more school truancy am an entrepreneur now not student…" (IDIs Recording Fieldwork, 2019).

Theme 4: Gang Activities
Gang Stars or gang activities, was another theme of ex-juvenile delinquent behavioral change This behavior arises when these individuals stopped school truancy. The study finding discovered that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's gang activities behavior changes due to their entrepreneurial activities. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's gang activities behavior changes due to their business commitments. Accordingly, this means that autonomous orientation positively influenced ex-juvenile gang activities behavior. On the support the informants of the study views that: (PP9, M, 28, Vulcanizer) "…. I was a drugs user, but being in this vulcanizing and selling of tire resulting to the walkout of drugs habit, am now focus and fully concentrated on my vulcanizing business…" (PP4, M, 19, Vulcanizer) "….I was a gang member, but, as a result of being independence in business, I quit gang activities and also disconnect myself from gang members am now always in my place of work.…." (IDIs Recording Fieldwork, 2019).

Theme 5: Pick-pocketers
Pick-pocketing was another theme of ex-juvenile delinquent behavioral change This behavior arises when these individuals stopped Pick-pocketing. The study finding discovered that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's Pick-pocketing behavior changes due to their entrepreneurial activities. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's pick-pocketing behavior changes due to their business commitments. Accordingly, this means that autonomous orientation positively influenced ex-juvenile Pick-pocketing behavior. On the support the informants of the study opined that; PP10 and PP6 ex-pick-pocketers explained that: (PP10, M, 18, Furniture) "…. I was a pick-pocketing, but now Due to my business activities I no longer partaking in pick-pocketing" (PP6, M, 29, Furniture) a former pick pocketers, authorized that: "…Am an entrepreneur at the moment being busy with customers, forced got ride out of drugs because I am in the workshop always; I distance myself from antisocial friends…." (IDIs Recording Fieldwork, 2019).

Discussion and Conclusion
The study examines autonomous orientation influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities and its influence towards ex-juvenile delinquent behavioral change. The study found that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs have financial freedom, decision freedom and initiating entrepreneurial activities. This imply that ex-juvenile entrepreneurs are autonomous which is consistent with the assumption of (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996) and (Callaghan & Venter, 2011). This also confirm previous empirical studies ( Dawson & Henley, 2012;Jayawarna, Rouse, & Kitching, 2013. Stephan, & Erker, 2015Stephan, 2018).
However, on the autonomous orientation influence on ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' delinquent behavioral change. the study finding revealed that, ex-juvenile entrepreneurs stopped drug peddling, drugs addict, pick-pocketing, school truancy and gang activities due to their engagement into entrepreneurial activities, which implied that ex-juvenile entrepreneur's delinquent behavior changed due to the autonomous orientation influence. This is consistent with previous empirical studies (Downing 2012;Soloman, 2012;Sonfield, 2013;Cai, et al., 2019). This imply that, being autonomous influence delinquent behavioral change. This also imply that being autonomous make individual to have financial freedom. And this may also suggest that being financial freedom make ex-juvenile risk-taker, because financial freedom comes with risk taking so, individual should either be risk taker or risk aversion, this finding is affirming previous empirical study by (Lamptey, & Marsidi, 2020).
In conclusion, this paper investigated the influence of autonomous orientation towards ex-juvenile entrepreneur's delinquent behavioral change. Therefore, we conclude that, autonomous orientation has a positive influence towards ex-juvenile entrepreneurial activities as well as their delinquent behavioral change. IEO autonomous orientation literatures are conversant of autonomous influence on firms' performance and profitability but not much wellinformed about the influence of autonomous orientation towards delinquent behavioral change among ex-juvenile entrepreneurs. These ex-juvenile entrepreneurs count on their financial decision, and decision freedom and enacting entrepreneurial activities to be autonomous. The finding revealed that autonomous stuffs entrepreneurial activities ex-juvenile entrepreneurs.
This study argue that it is sufficient to study entrepreneurial activities and ex-juvenile entrepreneurs that allow them to be autonomous since majority of the ex-juvenile entrepreneurs do not apply theories. This study makes fresh contribution to literature about autonomous orientation influence delinquent people behavioral change principally ex-juvenile entrepreneurs This study makes the following fresh contributions: First our research is the first to explore autonomous orientation behaviors among ex-juvenile entrepreneurs and therefore we provide fresh empirical evidence on autonomous orientation influence on individual entrepreneurial orientation and opens new research opportunity. In addition, we expand literature on autonomous orientation which mainly focus on delinquent populace. Moreover, we make contribution on the body of knowledge based on the autonomous orientation influence on delinquent populace behavioral change.
The study also has theoretically provided a fresh knowledge about the IEO theory disclosing that IEO autonomous orientation has positive influence on the delinquents' behavioral change which means the EO theory application extension. Accordingly, the study has essentially proved the unclear of knowledge by providing empirical evidence about the fresh knowledge about ex-juvenile entrepreneurs. Contributed also our understanding of EO autonomous dimensions that relate to ex-juvenile entrepreneurs of retail enterprises in the context of entrepreneurship segment in Katsina state, Nigeria. The study also contributes to the EO theory as the first to explore the ex-juvenile entrepreneur's autonomous orientation influence towards delinquent behavioral change regardless of the common autonomous orientation influence on firm's performance therefore, the EO theory application is extended.
The study itemizes the following practical implications for policy makers: Firstly, it suggests that governments should develop entrepreneurship orientation autonomous orientation capacity programs at individual level and orientation more specifically on juvenile currently serving their terms at correctional centers by creating a formal entrepreneurship framework, entrepreneurship capacity building, and curriculum which enables access of entrepreneurship skills. Secondly, this support would be more effective if started right from the reformatory center and make sure of proper follow-up upon release from the reformatory center then, some basic knowledge of entrepreneurship which they could obtain at earlier stages of rehabilitations. Lastly, policymakers in Katsina state, Nigeria and somewhere else to enact policies and programs to improve ex-juvenile entrepreneur's financial management and practices. For instances, Financial institutions, Banks, Microfinance institutions and other lending institutions can include ex-juvenile entrepreneurs' autonomous behavior into credit assessment for loans by classifying and assessing the ex-juvenile entrepreneurs to modify credit needs.
The limitations of the study are that; Participants of the study were drawn from ex-juvenile entrepreneurs of a single state from thirty-six Sates of Nigeria. This presented rather a limited scope of the study and limited generalizability as it was based on ex-juvenile from single Reformatory center in Katsina State, Nigeria. Accordingly, further research work is required to increase the population size by taking cognizance of additional states to cover the whole Northern, Nigeria. Also, can consider quantitative methods study about the phenomenon for more generalization.