The Use of Language Games in Enhancing ESL Learners’ Sentence Construction

This paper comprises a systematic review of relevant published studies from the year 2013 to 2020 on the use of language games in enhancing ESL learners’ sentence construction. This systematic review aims to answer two research questions, i.e., what type of language games should be used with ESL learners to enhance their sentence construction and how do language games aid in teaching sentence construction effectively. Fifteen studies were systematically reviewed. Results indicate that both digital and non-digital language games are great tools to be used in a language classroom as it enhances ESL learners’ sentence construction by boosting their motivation in a fun learning atmosphere. However, non-digital language games are considered to be easier to employ as it does not require ICT. The limitation of the reviewed studies and suggestion for further research was discussed.


Introduction
Writing is a kind of communication that permits learners to disclose their ideas and feelings through a well-devised text. It is widely contemplated as a critically paramount skill in the teaching and learning of English as a Second Language (ESL). It helps to solidify all other language skills of listening, speaking and reading (Saed & AL-Omari, 2014) as it is a comprehensive skill that enhances vocabulary, grammar, thinking, planning, editing, revising and other elements (Ien et al, 2017). In addition, writing is regarded as one of the most strenuous language skills learners are anticipated to ace (Nik et al, 2010;Majid et al, 2015) since it prompts intellectual growth. Learners connect their prior knowledge with new information and fine-tune their ideas (Kaur, 2014) to express themselves victoriously in the process of writing. Therefore, it is propagated as a tool to measure learners' knowledge (Kurniati, 2015 as cited in Abdullah & Yunus, 2019). Moreover, writing is considered a prerequisite in a broader context of life beyond the classroom. There is a saying "reading makes a full man, conference a ready man and writing an exact man". Likewise, mastering writing skill will not only aid learners in achieving success in national examinations like Primary School Achievement Test (UPSR), Lower Secondary Assessment (PMR), Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM) and Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM) but also prepares them to be equipped for the workforce and the global economy (Lim, 2013). Therefore, acquiring writing skill yields a lifelong holistic gain for the learners.
The Core of a Good Sentence A good sentence needs to make sense on its own (McLean, 2012). Generally, sentences are made up of clauses: groups of words that express a single idea (Gambrill, 2014). Independent clauses and dependent clauses are the two types of clauses. Clause that can represent a complete thought is known as independent clause whilst dependent clause requires an independent clause to keep intact its meaning. Simple sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence are made up of these two types of clauses. A sentence that consists of one independent clause is a simple sentence. Joining simple sentences will make up compound sentence and complex sentence is made when an independent clause and a dependent clause are merged. Apart from that, a good sentence needs to be correctly punctuated (Krupa, 2013). It always starts with a capital letter and either a full stop, exclamation or question mark will be used at the end.

Poor Sentence Construction Among ESL Learners
Simple sentence construction is a very fundamental thing that learners need to grasp by the first three years of schooling. When they failed to do it, they tend to have more complex problems in regards to writing compound and complex sentences (Miin et al, 2019) in the subsequent years. Evidently, Malaysian former education director-general, Khair Mohamad Yusof declared that pupils have yet to achieve a level desired for writing in the English language as 23 percent of pupils had flunked in their English written paper in the Primary School Achievement Test (UPSR) in 2016 ("New UPSR format", 2016). Several grounds have contributed to poor sentence construction among Malaysian ESL learners. Firstly, less exposure to the language. Many pupils are being exposed to the target language only in the school during the English periods. They have a minimal space to practice, acquire and polish the language. Despite of utilizing the golden time fruitfully, some tend to utter using their mother tongue within their peers during the class (Ghabool et al, 2012). This often acts as a hindrance to their learning. Furthermore, the teaching method being employed by the teachers does not help in provoking a fun learning atmosphere (Li & Yee, 2017). Many teachers are still using chalk and talk method instead of keeping up with the latest methodologies. Interesting teaching methods that suit the pupils' learning styles need to be employed in order to heighten their level of motivation in acquiring the target language (Li & Razali, 2019). When the teachers fail to exercise the right method of teaching, they eventually fail to provide a pleasant atmosphere to motivate and attract pupils' interest in acquiring the language. Subsequently, results in poor language acquisition, particularly in writing sentences. To confront the poor sentence construction among ESL learners, there is a need to discover a teaching method that can turn the learning environment to be fun and useful. The literature has shown that language games can enhance learners' sentence construction.

Research Objectives and Research Questions
The prime objective of this systematic review is To present a synthesis of empirical evidence discovered in the past related studies on the use of language games in enhancing ESL learners' sentence construction to researchers and writing teachers so that further intervention development and research in this area can be conducted. This study is carried out to answer the following research questions: What type of language games should be used to ESL learners to enhance their sentence construction? How do language games aid in teaching sentence construction effectively?

Literature Review Definition of Language Game
A language game is defined as an activity that is used to facilitate the learning of a language (Yaccob & Yunus, 2019). Xeni (2014) asserted that "children learn language best in an environment rich with opportunities to explore interesting objects and ideas" (p.197). In this context, games are assured to be beneficial (Taheri, 2014) as it creates an exciting and fun learning atmosphere. In other words, language games provide room for learners to acquire the target language actively in a non-threatening learning environment.

Importance of Language Game
In addition, language games are embedded with the motivating elements. The Flow Theory by Mihaly Csikszentmihaly in 1975 is established when learners are learning through language games as they gain a motivational stimulus to focus on accomplishing the tasks (Yaccob & Yunus, 2019). As they work towards it, they are indirectly acquiring the target language through hands-on learning, which will result in longer memory retention. This is further supported by Godwin-Jones (2014). He stated that "game playing can be a powerful agent for learner autonomy, a potential resource for long-term language maintenance and an entry-point for gaining interest in learning new languages" (p.11). Therefore, language games are regarded as a great retreat for the learners from the traditional method of teaching and learning.

Types of Language Games
According to Yaccob and Yunus (2019), there are two types of language games, namely digital game and non-digital language game.

Digital Language Game
The advancement of technologies has brought new prospects for learning in the educational context. The incorporation of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the language game is known as digital language game (Xu et al, 2019). It is considered to be attractive due to its entertaining features, aesthetic quality (graphics, effects, music), the existence of a structured framework, the learning goals and the presence of the gaming dimension (Manesis, 2020). However, to utilize digital language games, schools need to be equipped with proper ICT facilities.

Non-Digital Language Game
Maloney (2019) defined a non-digital language game as the traditional game that does not require the use of ICT. She added that this type of game could be an excellent way to practice skills. Non-digital language games can be conducted anywhere and involve minimal cost as it can be made up of recycling items.

Method
The systematic review was conducted by involving the four procedures proposed by Jain and Sharma (2016). The first procedure was to formulate the objective of the review, which has been done at the initial stage. Finding various studies that utilized language games in enhancing sentence construction was the second step. Before presenting the findings, the validity of the past studies was assessed.
Google Scholar, Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC), Science Direct, Scopus, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (HRMARS) and JSTOR were the international online bibliographic databases used to find research articles written in English published between years 2013 and 2020 (research carried out over the past eight years). The combination of key terms used to search for the past related studies were: (language games) and (digital OR non-digital language game) and (ESL learners OR EFL learners) and (writing difficulties) and (struggling writers OR less skilled writers) and (sentence construction). The studies found were later screened and shortlisted with heed to the inclusion criteria as follows: 1) The studies should focus on the use of language games in enhancing sentence construction.
2) The studies could employ qualitative, quantitative, mixed-method research, quasiexperimental study or case study as the research designs.
3) The studies should be conducted in teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) or teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. 4) All the participants or respondents in the study could be at their primary, secondary or tertiary level.

Results and Discussion
A total of three systematic reviews and twelve past related studies on language games in enhancing sentence construction from the year 2013 to 2020 were shortlisted after following the procedures mentioned above. The empirical evidence to support the use of language games in enhancing ESL learners' sentence construction are summarised in Table 1,2 and 3 as follows:

Number of Participants/ Studies
Research Design

Type of Intervention
Language Game

Table 3: Summary of the past related studies on the non-digital language game
Three pertinent systematic reviews were discovered (Yaccob & Yunus, 2019;Wang & Dostal, 2018;Ibrahim, 2017) and the findings of these systematic reviews elucidated on the importance of using language games to assist struggling or beginning writers in the past years and it answered the second research question, i.e., how do language games aid in teaching sentence construction effectively as addressed initially in this paper. Yaccob and Yunus (2019) had conducted a comprehensive review of research comprising 23 studies which addressed the advantages of using language game in ESL context. On the other hand, Wang and Dostal (2018) and Ibrahim (2017) had utilized 12 studies and 6 studies respectively to enlighten the readers about the benefits that language games yield to the EFL learners in the process of acquiring the language.
Furthermore, there are some studies (Miin et al, 2019;Yunus et al, 2019;Al-Naibi et al, 2018) whereby the researchers focussed on employing digital language game in enhancing learners' sentence construction. The use of non-digital language game was concentrated too by Chambers and Yunus (2017) (2018). Overall, it was found that language games enhanced learners' sentence construction among the participants.

Language Game which should be used to ESL Learners to Enhance their Sentence Construction
The outcomes of the twelve past related studies (Miin et al, 2019;Yunus et al, 2019;Al-Naibi et al, 2018;Chambers & Yunus, 2017;Sahathevan & Yamat, 2020;Jusun & Yunus, 2016;Li & Yee, 2017;Ien et al, 2017;May & Said, 2019;Ling & Mohamad, 2018;Lau et al, 2019;Efendi & Wirabhakti, 2018) indicated that both digital and non-digital language game contributes equally in the enhancement of the learners' sentence construction. However, non-digital language game was the most preferred one as it could be employed anywhere since it does not require ICT facilities. Miin et al. (2019), Yunus et al. (2019) and Al-Naibi et al. (2018) asserted that digital language games like "Google Docs", "Instawrite" and "EDMODO" had resulted in a significant enhancement in constructing sentences among the learners. Due to the integration of technology in the lesson, learners able to enjoy and feel motivated to learn . The automated feedback given by digital language games aids the learners to realize their mistakes and correct them accordingly (Miin et al, 2019;Yunus et al, 2019). As the learners nowadays are tech-savvy, digital language games would interest them more as they feel comfortable and familiar with the usage of it (Al-Naibi et al, 2018). Learners also have the privilege of practicing the language outside the classroom with the use of a digital language game. However, it can only be done if the learners have access to ICT (Al-Naibi et al, 2018).
On the other hand, Chambers and Yunus (2017) (2018) postulated that non-digital language games like "Wheel of Grammar", "Colourful Jenga Blocks", "Sentence Makers", "Colourful Semantics", "Build Me Up", "Innovation Writing Kit", "Tree Map", "Rainbow Tower" and "Sentence-Soup Game" are capable of enhancing ESL learners' sentence construction too. Non-digital language games tend to make the learning process more meaningful as it demands the active involvement of the learners (Chambers & Yunus, 2017). They have to get involved by doing hands-on based activities like identify the part of the sentence and arrange it according to the sentence pattern (Ling & Mohamad, 2018;Sahathevan & Yamat, 2020;Jusun & Yunus, 2016). This eventually assists the learners in their sentence construction by molding them to be independent learners (Ien et al, 2017). The most exciting part is learners can be benefitted from the use of non-digital language games regardless of the place as long as they know the rules (Lau et al, 2019).

Language Game in Teaching Sentence Construction
The literature (Yaccob & Yunus, 2019;Wang & Dostal, 2018;Ibrahim 2017) have highlighted on how language games aid in teaching sentence construction effectively. Language games are being used during the practice stage in a lesson after the introduction of the rules by the teacher to the learners (Yaccob & Yunus, 2019). Learners are enabled to have fun while playing the language game (Wang & Dostal, 2018). This results in happy and pleasant learning.
Multisensory involvement in learning provokes longer memory retention. Language games are regarded as a welcome break out of the conventional way (Ibrahim, 2017) that could build collaborative learning. It is also considered as an anti-stress task that incorporates the element of fun which eventually stimulates learners' interest and boost their motivation level in enhancing their sentence construction by helping the learners to remember things faster and better (Ibrahim, 2017;Yaccob & Yunus, 2019). As the learners get familiar with the sentence structures by using the language games, subsequently they will be capable of constructing sentences independently that are grammatically correct (Sahathevan & Yamat, 2020).

Conclusion
The findings of this review had enlightened on the most significant effects of language games in enhancing ESL learners' sentence construction. It was discovered that the use of language games had enhanced the learners' sentence construction in a meaningful and fun learning atmosphere (Miin et al, 2019;Yunus et al, 2019;Al-Naibi et al, 2018;Chambers & Yunus, 2017;Sahathevan & Yamat, 2020;Jusun & Yunus, 2016;Li & Yee, 2017;Ien et al, 2017;May & Said, 2019;Ling & Mohamad, 2018;Lau et al, 2019;Efendi & Wirabhakti, 2018). In the long run, with a higher level of motivation and confidence, learners will be able to construct sentences without the aid of language games by just recalling the rules that have dwelled on their memory. Although both digital and non-digital language games bring similar results, nondigital language games are utilized and preferred by most of the researchers (Chambers & Yunus, 2017;Sahathevan & Yamat, 2020;Jusun & Yunus, 2016;Li & Yee, 2017;Ien et al, 2017;May & Said, 2019;Ling & Mohamad, 2018;Lau et al, 2019;Efendi & Wirabhakti, 2018) as it does not rely on ICT facilities which many school are lacking in.

Theoretical and Contextual Contribution
This study is significant as it contributes to the stakeholders' understanding on the interplay between the language games and sentence construction. It enables the educators in maximizing a new teaching approach concerning the simple sentence construction. Furthermore, the findings shows that the non-digital language game is more pratical and applicable than the digital language game. It also contributes to the development of sentence construction among the pupils by stimulating their interest and motivation to learn. Last but not least, it is useful for the MOE in designing better teaching pedagogy.