ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
The purpose of this study is to build, test the content validity and reliability of Depression Level Inventory (DLI). DLI is built based on the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) introduced by Aaron T. Beck in 1964. DLI contains 21 negative items divided into 3 sub-scales and each sub-scale contains of 7 items. These three sub-scales are Sub-Scale 1: Depression Thinking, Sub Scale 2: Depression Emotions and Sub-Scale 3: Depression Behavior. The content validity of DLI is evaluated by 12 expert panels comprising psychologists, counseling, education and human resource management. Reliability analysis consisted of 45 respondents aged 18-21. The overall validity of DLI was high at 0.873 (87.3%). The overall reliability value was .838. As such, this study has produced an DLI questionnaire that has good validity and reliability and is useful to use in the field of psychology, guidance and counseling in Malaysia.
Ab Rahman, O., Sufian, A., & Kamaruzaman, Z. (2017). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Firefighters at One of Balai Bomba In Negeri Sembilan-A Case Study. Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 194-219.
Abdul Hamid, S. (2019). Tahap Kesihatan Mental Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Institut Pengajian Tinggi: Kajian Literasi. e-prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sains Sosial dan Kemanusian 2019. Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor.
Ariffin, A. R., Hassan, A. J., Hassan, A., Ismail, Z., & Patola, A. (2018). Keperluan Indeks Kesejahteraan Psikologi Dalam Perkhidmatan Awam: Satu Tinjauan Umum. Jurnal Psikologi & Kaunseling Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia, 13.
Ahmad, N. S., & Nasir, R. (2013). Aplikasi Praktik Teori Kaunseling dan Psikoterapi. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D., Green, J., Mortier, P. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 46(14): 2955- 2970.
Baker R., & Ibrahim H. I. (2015). Tekanan kerja dalam organisasi kepolisan: Tinjauan dalam perspektif kecerdasan emosi. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 23,1-24.
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Kessler, R. C. (2018). Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225(1): 97-103.
Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 2nd ed., New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Director General of Health Malaysia. (2019). World Suicide Prevention Day [Press Release]. Retrieved on 30 December 2019 from
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/09/10/prevent-suicide-together-creating-hope-through-action.
Doman, N. (2017). Implikasi Google Apps dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pelajar Pesisir Uthm. Fakulti Pendidikan Teknikal dan Vokasional Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Garnefski, N., Hossain, S., & Kraaij, V. (2017). Relationships between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology in adolescents from Bangladesh. Arch Depress Anxiety, 3(2), 023-029.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practice, (Second Edition), pp 263-287, London, Routledge.
Hwang, S., Kim, G., Yang, J. W., & Yang, E. (2016). The Moderating Effects of Age on the Relationships of Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(2), 194-205.
Institute of Public Health. (2018). National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017: Key finding from the adolescent health and nutrition surveys.
Jacob, M. S., & Anto, M. M. (2016). A Study on Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Anxiety and Depression in Adults. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 117- 124.
Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2018). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59-68.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1979). Behavioral research: A conceptual approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Konting, M. M. (1998). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. (4th ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kuan, Y. S., Fuad, D. N., Karim, M., Hamdan, J., Mohd Ishak, N., & Mahmud, M. I. (2017). Jenis Personaliti MBTI dan Trait Kemurungan, Kebimbangan dan Tekanan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Pintar dan Berbakat. Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 85-95.
Kwon, A., Song, J., Yook, K. H., Jon, D. I., Jung, M. H., Hong, N., & Hong, H. J. (2016). Predictors of suicide attempts in clinically depressed Korean adolescents. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 14(4), 383–387.
Manna, G., Falgares, G., Ingoglia, S., Como, M. R., & De Santis, S. (2016). The relationship between self-esteem, depression and anxiety: Comparing vulnerability and scar model in the Italian context. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(3).
McGregor, A., Coulthard, S., & Camfield, L. (2015). Measuring What Matters. Development Progress Project Note. 1-19.
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2016, September 28). Mental Health Problems in Malaysia [Press Release]. Retrieved on 30 December 2019 from
https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/modules_resources/english/database_stores/96/337_451.pdf.
Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2019, October 10). Hari Kesihatan Mental Sedunia 2019 – Sayangi Nyawa, Hidupkan Harapan. Let’s Talk Minda Sihat. Retrivied on 30 Decemeber 2019 from https://kpkesihatan.com/2019/10/10/kenyataan-akhbar-kpk-10-oktober-2019-hari-kesihatan-mental-sedunia-2019-sayangi-nyawa-hidupkan-harapan/.
Ng, C. G. (2014). A review of depression research in Malaysia. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 69, 42-45.
Hussain, N. H. (2018). Kesihatan wanita pada usia emas: kenyataan dan harapan. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C., & Wilens, T. (2015). College students: mental health problems and treatment considerations. Academic Psychiatry, 39(5), 503-511.
Salleh, A. H., & Kadir, D. R. (2014). Kajian mengenai hubungan antara kemurungan, kebimbangan dan tekanan dengan tret personaliti di kalangan pelajar tahun akhir Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Samsudin, S., & Hong, K. T. C. (2016). Hubungan Antara Tahap Kesihatan Mental dan Prestasi Pelajar Sarjana Muda: Satu Kajian di Universiti Utara Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences), 14(1), 11-16.
Sekaran, U. (1992). Research methods for bussiness: A skill building approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sumari, M., Tharbe, A. I. H., Khalid, M. N., & Nor, M. A. (2015). Teori Kaunseling dan Psikoterapi. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Talib, J., Mamat, M., Ibrahim, M., & Mohammad, Z. (2016). Pembaikan Tingkah Laku Kanak-kanak Sekolah rendah Melalui Terapi Kognitif-Tingkah Laku. UNITAR International University. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
UTM Official Portal. (2019). Kempen Kesedaran Kesihatan Mental. Retrieved on 30 Disember 2019 at https://News.Utm.My/Ms/2019/05/Kelab-Psychic-Fssk-Anjur-Kempen-Kesedaran-Kesihatan-Mental/
Sulaiman, W. A. (2016). Keberkesanan Modul Intervensi Kognitif dan Terapi Tingkah Laku dalam Kaunseling Kelompok Menangani Tekanan Jururawat. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. Assessed on 20 December 2019. Retrieved at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf.
In-Text Citation: (Arip et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Arip, M. A. S. M., Zaimie, S., Badulzaman, S. A., & Sa’ad, F. M. (2021). Development, Validity and Reliability of Depression Level Inventory (DLI). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12), 1181–1198
Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode