Introvert vs. Extrovert: Emotional Differences and Responses towards a Provocative Visual Stimuli in Social Media

Alhabash, S., Baek, J., Cunningham, C., & Hagerstrom, A. (2015). To comment or not to comment?: How virality, arousal level, and commenting behavior on YouTube videos affect civic behavioral intentions. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.036
Asgari, Y. (2002). Relationship between anxiety and other personality traits among students in a Malaysian university. (Unpublished master dissertation), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2012). Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12456384
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Sandman, D. (2012). The interplay of emotional instability, empathy, and coping on prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 675–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.022
Codispoti, M., Surcinelli, P., & Baldaro, B. (2008). Watching emotional movies: Affective reactions and gender differences. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69(2), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2008.03.004
Communication & Multimedia, Pocket Book of Statistics. (2021). Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission, Q4 2020.
Derks, D., Fischer, A. H., & Bos, A. E. R. (2008). The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 766-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2007.04.004
Dezecache, G., Mercier, H., & Scott-Phillips, T. C. (2013). An evolutionary approach to emotional communication. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 221- 233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.06.007
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire (adult). London, England: Hodder & Stoughton.
Gale, A., Edwards, J., Morris, P., Moore, R., & Forrester, D. (2001). Extraversion–introversion, neuroticism–stability, and EEG indicators of positive and negative empathic mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(3), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00036-2
Gallo, D. A., Foster, K. T., & Johnson, E. L. (2009). Elevated false recollection of emotional pictures in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 981-988.
Geen, R. G. (1984). Preferred stimulation levels in Introverts and Extraverts: Effects on arousal and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1303-1312.
Hammick, J. K., & Lee, M. J. (2014). Do shy people feel less communication apprehension online? The effects of virtual reality on the relationship between personality characteristics and communication outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.046
Heide, B. V. D., D’Angelo, B., & Schumaker, E. M. (2012). The Effects of Verbal Versus Photographic Self-Presentation on Impression Formation in Facebook. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01617.x
Hollenbaugh, E. E., & Ferris, A. L. (2014). Fa-cebook self-disclosure: Examining the role of traits, social cohesion, and motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.055
Huang, A. H., Yen, D. C., & Zhang, X. (2008). Exploring the potential effects of emoticons. Information & Management, 45(7), 466-473.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.07.001
Izard, C. E. (1991). Interest—Excitement: Activation, Expression, and Experience. The Psychology of Emotions, 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0615-1_4
Kadri, N. H. M., Omar, S. Z., Abdullah, R., & Adzharuddin, N. A. (2019). Words of ‘keyboard warriors’: Comparing the use of harsh language in two Facebook pages. Human Communication, 2(2), 25-41.
Krämer, N. C., Feurstein, M., Kluck, J. P., Meier, Y., Rother, M., & Winter, S. (2017). Beware of selfies: The impact of photo type on impression formation based on social networking profiles. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00188
Laflen, A., & Fiorenza, B. (2012). “Okay, my rant is over.” The language of emotion in computer-mediated communication. Computers and Composition, 29(4), 296–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2012.09.005
Ljepava, N., Orr, R. R., Locke, S., & Ross, C. (2013). Personality and social characteristics of Facebook non-users and frequent users. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1602–1607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.026
Mack, D. M., Behler, A., Roberts, B., & Rimland, E. (2007). Reaching students with Facebook: Data and best practices. Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship, 8(2). Retrieved January 11, 2014, from http://
southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v08n02/ mack_d01.html
Mitchell, M. E., Lebow, J. R., Uribe, R., Grathouse, H., & Shoger, W. (2011). Internet use, happiness, social support and introversion: A more fine grained analysis of person variables and internet activity. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1857-1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.008
Moore, K., & McElroy, J. C. (2012). The influence of personality on Facebook usage, wall postings, and regret. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.009
Okdie, B. M., Guadagno, R. E., Bernieri, F. J., Geers, A. L., & Mclarney-Vesotski, A. R. (2011). Getting to know you: Face-to-face versus online interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.017
Orchard, L. J., Fullwood, C., Galbraith, N., & Morris, N. (2014). Individual differences as predictors of social networking. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12068
Parkinson, B. (2008). Emotions in direct and remote social interaction: Getting through the spaces between us. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), 1510–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2007.05.006
Powers, S. R., Rauh, C., Henning, R. A., Buck, R. W., & West, T. V. (2011). The effect of video feedback delay on frustration and emotion communication accuracy. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1651-1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2011.02.003
Qiu, L., Lin, H., Ramsay, J., & Yang, F. (2012). You are what you tweet: Personality expression and perception on Twitter. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(6), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.08.008
Rafnsdottir, H. B. (2012). Are Emotional Video-Clips More Likely to Elicit False Memories Than Neutral Video-Clips? (Unpublished degree dissertation). Reykjavík University.
Rooney, B., Benson, C., & Hennessy, E. (2012). The apparent reality of movies and emotional arousal: A study using physiological and self-report measures. Poetics, 40(5), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. poetic.2012.07.004
Reips, U. (2002). Standards for Internet-Based Experimenting. Experimental Psychology, 49(4), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1026/1618-3169.49.4.243
Sani, F., & Todman, J. B. (2006). Experimental design and statistics for psychology: A first course. Malden, USA: Blackwell Pub.
Sparrevohn, R. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2009). Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(12), 1074–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.016
Srivastava, S., Angelo, K. M., & Vallereux, S. R. (2008). Extraversion and positive affect: A day reconstruction study of person–environment transactions. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(6), 1613-1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.05.002
Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2010). Personality, emotion, and individual differences in physiological responses. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 5415-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.09.012
Tosun, L. P., & Lajunen, T. (2010). Does Internet use reflect your personality? Relationship between Eysenck’s personality dimensions and Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.10.010
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23(1), 3–43.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023001001
Walther, J. B. (2007). Selective self-presentation in computer-mediated communication: Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(5), 2538-2557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2006.05.002
Wang, J. L., Jackson, L. A., Zhang, D. J., & Su, Z. Q. (2012). The relationships among the Big Five Personality factors, self-esteem, narcissism, and sensation-seeking to Chinese university students’ uses of social networking sites (SNSs). Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2313- 2319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.001
Wilson, K., Fornasier, S. & White, K. M. (2010). Psychological predictors of young adults’ use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(2), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0094
Winter, S., Neubaum, G., Eimler, S. C., Gordon, V., Theil, J., Herrmann, J., & Kramer, N. C. (2014). Another brick in the Facebook wall – How personality traits relate to the content of status updates. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.048

In-Text Citation: (Radzi & Bolong, 2021)
To Cite this Article: Radzi, S. R. K. M., & Bolong, J. (2021). Introvert vs. Extrovert: Emotional Differences and Responses towards a Provocative Visual Stimuli in Social Media. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12), 1310–1323.

Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode