ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day as nutrient intake is crucial to energize the body and maintain a high metabolic rate at the beginning of the day. Although many breakfasts awareness programs and studies have shown the effects of skipping breakfast, most higher institution students tend to skip breakfast supposedly to decrease their body mass index (BMI). Studies have also debated that skipping breakfast affects students’ academic performance due to low nutrient intake. Therefore, the study investigates the interrelation between breakfast intake and students’ academic performance in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Terengganu Branch, Dungun Campus. The findings revealed that breakfast intake significantly impacted the students’ academic performance and cognitive skills. Interestingly, the study discovered that although breakfast intake energizes the body, there is no relationship between the students’ breakfast intake and BMI. Hence, the study provides insight to enhance the understanding of the interrelation between breakfast intake and student performance.
Adolphus, K., Lawton, C. L., & Dye, L. (2013). The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 425.
Arshad, N., Ahmed, U., Yasin, G., Manj, Y. N., & Umair, A. (2014). Impacts of Food Intake Pattern on Education Performance of University Students. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 13(12), 746-751.
Bhattacharya, J., Currie, J., & Haider, S. (2006). Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and The Nutrition of Children and Families. Journal of Human Resources, 41, 445 - 446.
Bernama. (2019). Program sarapan pagi bermula 20 Jan di 100 sekolah. Malaysia Kini. Publish on 27 December 2019. Retrieved on 15 June 2021 from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/505102
Hunty, A., Gibson, S., & Ashwell, M. (2013). Does regular breakfast cereal consumption help children and adolescents stay slimmer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Facts, 6(1), 70-85.
Fayet-Moore, F., Kim, J., Sritharan, N., & Petocz, P. (2016). Impact of breakfast skipping and breakfast choice on the nutrient intake and body mass index of Australian children. Nutrients, 8(8), 487.
Glovannini, M., Agostoni, C., & Shamir, R. (2010). Symposium Overview: Do We All Eat Breakfast and It Is Important? Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 50(2), 97 - 99.
Huzaini, N. B. (2015). Kepentingan Sarapan Pagi. Berita Harian Online. Publish on July 18, 2015. Berita Harian Online. Retrieve on 3 Jun 2021 from https://www.bharian.com.my/bhplus-old/2015/07/68630/kepentingan-sarapan-pagi
Lai, W., & Soo, S. (2013). Malaysians energized on Malaysia Breakfast Day with MILO. Nestle. Retrieved on 15 June 2021 from
https://www.nestle.com.my/media/pressreleases/allpressreleases/2013_malaysians_energized_on_mbd
Arsyad, N., Ahmed, U. (2014). Impact of Breakfast Habits on Education Performance of University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 3(1).
Najwa, N. R., & Appukutty, M. (2018). Breakfast consumption association with body status and physical activity among female university students. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise, 7(2), 93 - 106.
Ostachowska-Gasior, A., Piwowar, M., Kwiatkowski, J., Kasperczyk, J., & Skop-Lewandowska, A. (2016). Breakfast and other meal consumption in adolescents from Southern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 453.
Pollitt, E., Lewis, N. L., Garza, C., & Shulman, R. J. (1983). Fasting and cognitive function. J. Psychiatr. Res, 17,169–74.
Rani, R., Dharaiya, C. N., & Singh, B. (2021). Importance of not skipping breakfast: a review. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 56(1), 28-38.
Ren, Z., Cao, J., Cheng, P., Shi, D., Cao, B., Yang, G., & Peng, L. (2020). Association between breakfast consumption and depressive symptoms among Chinese college students: a cross-sectional and prospective cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1571.
Rueckert, L., & Grafman, J. (1996). Sustained attention deficits in patients with right frontal lesions. Neuropsychological, 34(10), 953-963.
Sakurai, R., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2017). Apolipoprotein E4 allele and gait performance in mild cognitive impairment: results from the gait and brain study. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 72(12), 1676-1682.
Sampson, A. E., Dixit, S., Meyers, A. F., & Houser Jr, R. (1995). The nutritional impact of breakfast consumption on the diets of inner-city African-American elementary school children. Journal of the National Medical Association, 87(3), 195.
Sandercock, G. R. H., Voss, C., & Dye, L. (2010). Associations between habitual school-day breakfast consumption, body mass index, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in English schoolchildren. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(10), 1086-1092.
Sun, J., Yi, H., Liu, Z., Wu, Y., Bian, J., Wu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2013). Factors associated with skipping breakfast among Inner Mongolia Medical students in China. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-8.
Sung, H. M., Chung, H. Y., Lee, S. J., Lee, J. M., Huh, S., Lee, J. W., & Cho, B. C. (2015). Clinical experience of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Archives of Plastic Surgery, 42(5), 552.
Szajewska, H., & Ruszczy?ski, M. (2010). Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 50(2), 113-119.
Timlin, M. T., & Pereira, M. A. (2007). Breakfast frequency and quality in the etiology of adult obesity and chronic diseases. Nutrition reviews, 65(6), 268-281.
Vaisman, N., Voet, H., Akivis, A., & Vakil, E. (1996). The effects of breakfast timing on the cognitive function of elementary school students. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med, 150, 1089–92.
Vishnukumar, S., Sujirtha, N., & Ramesh, R. (2017). Journal for Nutrition. Journal for Nutrition, 110, 159-165.
Vishnu, S., Sujirtha, N., & Ramesh, R. (2016). The Effect of Breakfast on Academic Performance and Behaviour in School Children from Batticola District. Journal for Nutrition.
Wilkins, A. J., Shallice, T., & McCarthy, R. (1987). Frontal Lesions and Sustained attention. Neuropsychological, 25, 359 - 365.
Wesnes, K. A., Pincock C., Scholey A. (2012). Breakfast is Associated with Enhanced Cognitive Function in School Children. Appetite, 59, 646-649.
Wesnes, K. A., Pincock, C., Richardson, D., Helm, G. and Hails, S. (2003). Breakfast reduces declines in attention and memory over the morning in schoolchildren. Appetite, 41(3), 29–31.
Zhu, Z., Cui, Y., Gong, Q., Huang, C., Guo, F., Li, W., & Wang, Y. (2019). Frequency of breakfast consumption is inversely associated with the risk of depressive symptoms among Chinese university students: A cross-sectional study. PloS One, 14(8), e0222014.
In-Text Citation: (Karim et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Karim, N. A., Nur Amalin Hayati Abdullah, F. M. A., Fuza, Z. I. M., & Ismail, N. A. (2021). The Interrelation between Breakfast Intake with Academic Performance, Cognitive Skills and Body Mass Index (BMI) among Students UiTM Terengganu Branch, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(16), 209–218.
Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode