ISSN: 2226-6348
Open access
Discussions on agricultural development officers in the field of social science studies have long been discoursed by academics, community development practitioners and various formal and informal agencies since 1960. However, the results of studies focusing on the role and competencies of development officers in the context of community development remain. limited. Accordingly, the study focuses on two main objectives, namely i) to analyse the trends of the study findings on the role and competencies in the field of community development and ii) to identify the role and competencies of agricultural development officers as community developers. The study analyses secondary data through content analysis techniques and examines the theme of the role and competencies of agricultural development officers in the context of community developers thematically. The results of the first objective study, found that the trend of research findings on the role and competence of agricultural development officers in the field of community development began to be analysed as a field of knowledge since 1960. While the analysis of the role and competencies of agricultural development officers has identified 11 themes as community developers: i) identify community forms and processes of social action; ii) respect the diversity/pluralism and multi-culture of community members; iii) implement development programs appropriate to the demographics of the community; iv) skilfully encourage community involvement in development programs; v) have information and ability to deliver developmental education; vi) establish interpersonal relationships; vii) have knowledge of organization; viii) leadership; ix) organizational management; x) have professionalism; and xi) master the field of community development in terms of theory and practice. In conclusion, the implications of the study on the literature highlights are able to build a deep and systematic understanding of the role and competencies of agricultural development officers in the context of community development practitioners in Malaysia.
Abu Samah, A. (2021). Keynote Speaker on Community Development Work. International Webinar Community Development in Southeast Asia. Theme: Community Development & Community Work in Southeast Asia: Issues, Practice & Challenges. 24-25 May 2021.
Shukri, A. H. (2015). Konseptualisasi Pembangunan Komuniti Melalui Analisis Konsep Struktur Sosial, Teori Modal Sosial Dan Perspektif Realisme Kritikal. Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 18(Jun), 21–40.
Shah, A. J., Asmuni, A., & Ismail, A. (2013). Roles of extension agents towards agricultural practice in Malaysia. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 3(1), 59-63.
Arokoyo, T. (1998). Agricultural Technology Development and Dissemination: A Case Study of the Ghana and Nigeria Experiences. Technical Center to Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 5-40.
Beaulieu, B., & Cordes, S. (2013). Extension Community Development: Building Strong, Vibrant Communities. Journal of Extension [Online], 51(5), Article 5COL1. Available at: https://archives.joe.org/joe/2014october/comm1.php.
Bennett, C. (1992). Cooperative Extension roles and relationships for a new era: Meeting public and user needs through the generation and adoption of practices and technologiesan interdependence model and implications. Washington, DC: Extension Service, USDA.
Benor, D., & Harrison, J. Q. (1977). The Training and Visit (T&V) approach was introduced by in this approach to extension services. University of Missouri.
Bonye, S. Z., Alfred, K. B., & Jasaw, G. S. (2012). Promoting community-based extension agents as an alternative approach to formal agricultural extension service delivery in Northern Ghana. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2(393-2016-23897), 76-95.
Clark, A. (2021). Keynote Address 1, Positioning Community Development & Community Work in Contemporary Era. International Webinar Community Development in Southeast Asia. Theme: Community Development & Community Work in Southeast Asia: Issues, Practice & Challenges. 24-25 May 2021.
FAO. (2008). The state of food and agriculture in 1994. In: FAO Agriculture Series, no.27. FAO, Rome Italy. 17, 26-27.
Harzing, A.-W. (2017). Microsoft Academic (Search): A Phoenix arisen from the ashes?. Scientometrics.
Haunschild, R., Hug, S. E., Braendle, M. P., & Bornmann, L. (2017). The number of linked references of publications in Microsoft Academic in comparison with the Web of Science. Scientometrics, 114, 367–370. doi: 10.1007/s11192-017-2567-8.
Hug, S. E., & Braendle, M. P. (2017). The coverage of Microsoft Academic: Analyzing the publication output of a university. Scientometrics, 113(3), 1551–1571. doi: 10.1007/s11192-017-2535-3.
Hug, S. E., Ochsner, M., & Braendle, M. P. (2017). Citation analysis with Microsoft Academic. Scientometrics, 111, 371–378. doi: 10.1007/s11192-017-2247-8.
Luna, K., Megan, P., & Niloofar, M. (2020). Systematic content analysis: A combined method to analyze the literature on the daylighting (de-culverting) of urban streams. 84334-791-0.
Shatar, M. S. (2003). Model Pembangunan Komuniti. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum., 11(2), 135-145. ISSN: 0128-7702 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
Murari, S., & Ramjee, G. (2015). Michigan State University How Competent Are Agricultural Extension Agents and Extension Educators in Nepal? December 2015. USAID/BFS/ARP-Funded Project. Award Number: AID-OAA-L-12-00002. The Innovation in Agricultural Training and Education project — InnovATE.
Pertubuhan Pembangunan Komuniti Antarabangsa (IACD). (2019). Ke arah Perkongsian Standard Antarabangsa Bagi Praktis Pembangunan Komuniti.
https://www.iacdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Malay-International-Standards-May-2019-1.pdf.
Sail, M. R. (1946). Extension education for industrializing Malaysia: trends, priorities and emerging issues. Inaugural lecture (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia). No. 21. Serdang, Selangor.
Sail, M. R. (2010). Kompetensi pembangunan sumberdaya manusia dan pemindahan teknologi dan kaitannya dengan prestasi kerja agen pendidikan pengembangan. Akademika, 127-137. ISSN 0126-5008.
Radhakrishna, R. B. (1995). Core Journals Used By Agricultural And Extension Educators. Journal of Agricultural Education, 36(4), 48-54. DOI: 10.5032/jae.1995.04048.
Roling, N. (1990). Changing issues in extension science: an overview. In: Extension Science. Information systems in agricultural development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spore. (2003). Agricultural extension: End of the line. SPORE.
Sulaiman, V. R., Hall, A., & Raina, R. (2006). From disseminating technologies to promoting innovation: implications for agricultural extension. Paper prepared for the SAIC Regional Workshop on Research Extension Linkages for Effective Delivery of Agricultural Technologies in SAARC Countries (20-22 November, 2006). Technical Center to Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, Netherlands, p. 5-40.
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., et al. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annual Intern Med., 169, 467–473. doi: 10.7326/M18-0850.
Urbanowitz, S., & Wilcox, M. (2014). Examining Extension's Capacity in Community Resource and Economic Development: Viewpoints of Extension Administrators on the Role of Community Resource and Economic Development in the Extension Portfolio. Journal of Extension [Online], 51(5), Article 5FEA2. Available at:
https://archives.joe.org/joe/2013october/a2.php.
Ortega, J. L. (2014). Academic Search Engines: A Quantitative Outlook. Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-84334-791-0.
In-Text Citation: (Syarifuddin et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Syarifuddin, N. B., Samah, A. B. A., Burhan, N. A. S. Bin, & Shah, J. B. A. (2021). The Role and Competence of Agricultural Development Officers as Community Developers: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12), 1568–1581.
Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode