ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
In sustainable ecotourism, responsible ecotourist behaviour towards purchasing local products and services is vital to alleviate poverty in local communities and help wildlife conservation. This study was conducted to test the relationship between attitude, anticipated emotion, and environmental concern to predict responsible ecotourist behavioural intention to purchase local products and services for wildlife conservation in Penang National Park. Study samples were obtained using the purposive sampling method, and questionnaires were distributed face to face in Penang National Park. Statistical Software Packages, namely SPSS Amos version 26.0, were used to perform data analysis to run Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Out of the nine hypotheses that have been proposed, 8 of them are supported. The findings of the study found that attitude has a significant relationship with intention, anticipated emotion has a significant relationship to attitude, environmental concern has a significant effect on attitude and anticipated emotion, and environmental concern has no significant effect on intention. Mediation analysis found that attitude is a mediator between anticipated emotion and intention, and attitude is also a mediator between environmental concern and intention. Mediation analysis also found that anticipated emotion is a mediator between the relationship of environmental concern and intention. This study is critical in assisting stakeholders in the ecotourism industry in planning an effective marketing strategy to promote local products and services.
Adam, D. H., Siregar, Z. M. E., & Supriadi, Y. N. (2021). Environmental Concern and Environmental Knowledge, Attitude toward Pro-Environmental Behavior as Predictors of Pro-Environmental Behavior: Evidence from Textile Industry in Indonesia. Calitatea, 22(182), 138-144. https://www.proquest.com/openview/d06f5b84cd35302f8c87f535eab22f22/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1046413
Ahmad, W., Kim, W. G., Anwer, Z., & Zhuang, W. (2020). Schwartz personal values, theory of planned behavior and environmental consciousness: How tourists’ visiting intentions towards eco-friendly destinations are shaped?. Journal of Business Research, 110, 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.040
Ahn, J., & Kwon, J. (2020). Green hotel brands in Malaysia: perceived value, cost, anticipated emotion, and revisit intention. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(12), 1559-1574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1646715
Ajzen I. (1985) From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In: Kuhl J., Beckmann J. (eds) Action Control. SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I. (1991). "The theory of planned behaviour". Organization Behaviour and Human Decision Process. 50 (2): 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-
Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Al-Jubari, I., Hassan, A., & Linan, F. (2019). Entrepreneurial intention among University students in Malaysia: integrating self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1323-1342.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0529-0
Aprile, M. C., & Fiorillo, D. (2017). Water conservation behavior and environmental concerns: Evidence from a representative sample of Italian individuals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 159, 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.036
Awang, Z. (2012). A handbook on structural equation modeling using AMOS. Shah Alam: Universiti Teknologi MARA Publication.
Babakus, E., & Mangold, W. G. (1992). Adapting the SERVQUAL scale to hospital services: an empirical investigation. Health services research, 26(6), 767.
Bagozzi, R. P., Belanche, D., Casalo, L. V., & Flavian, C. (2016). The Role of Anticipated Emotions in Decision Making. Paper Presented at a Conference on the Role of Anticipation and Regret in Decision Making, La Jolla, CA. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20905.
Bamberg, S. (2003). How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question. Journal of environmental psychology, 23(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00078-6
Bettiga, D., & Lamberti, L. (2018). Exploring the role of anticipated emotions in product adoption and usage. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 35(3), 300–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-06-2016-1860
Black, R., & Cobbinah, P. B. (2018). Local attitudes towards tourism and conservation in rural Botswana and Rwanda. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(1), 79-105.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1258074
Bowling, A., & Ebrahim, S. (2005). Quantitative social science: the survey. Handbook of health research methods: Investigation, measurement and analysis, 190-214.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
Chao, C. M., Yu, T. K., & Yu, T. Y. (2021). Understanding the factors influencing recycling behavior in college students: the role of interpersonal altruism and environmental concern. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2020-0232
Chatzisarantis, N., Hagger, M., Biddle, S., & Smith, B. (2005). The stability of the attitude-intention relationship in the context of physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001730070
Cheah, I., Shimul, A. S., Liang, J., & Phau, I. (2022). Consumer attitude and intention toward ridesharing. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 30(2), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2020.1733050
Chen, M. F., & Tung, P. J. (2014). Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International journal of hospitality management, 36, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.09.006
Choi, D., & Johnson, K. K. (2019). Influences of environmental and hedonic motivations on intention to purchase green products: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 18, 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.02.001
Clark, E., Mulgrew, K., Kannis-Dymand, L., Schaffer, V., & Hoberg, R. (2019). Theory of planned behaviour: Predicting tourists’ pro-environmental intentions after a humpback whale encounter. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(5), 649-667.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1603237
Cohen, M. P. (1998). Determining sample sizes for surveys with data analysed by hierarchical linear models. Journal of Official Statistics, 14(3), 267.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. Handbook of emotions, 2(2), 91-115. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.337.109&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Curtis, G. J., Cowcher, E., Greene, B. R., Rundle, K., Paull, M., & Davis, M. C. (2018). Self-control, injunctive norms, and descriptive norms predict engagement in plagiarism in a theory of planned behavior model. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(3), 225-239.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9309-2
De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2007). General beliefs and the theory of planned behavior: The role of environmental concerns in the TPB. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), 1817-1836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00239.x
Devlin, S. J., Dong, H. K., & Brown, M. (1993). Selecting a scale for measuring quality. Marketing research, 5(3), 12-17
Dunlap, R. E. V. L., Liere, K. V., Mertig, A., & Jones, R. E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of social issues, 56(3), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00176
Durán, M., Ferraces, M. J., Rodríguez, M., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2016). The role of anticipated emotions in recycling intention: an extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour/Emociones anticipadas en la intención de reciclar: una extensión de la Teoría de la Conducta Planificada. Psyecology, 7(1), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2015.1114215
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt brace Jovanovich college publishers.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social cognition, 25(5), 582-602. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582
Egger, M., Ley, M., & Hanke, S. (2019). Emotion recognition from physiological signal analysis: A review. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 343, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2019.04.009
Elgaaied, L. (2012). Exploring the role of anticipated guilt on pro?environmental behavior–a suggested typology of residents in France based on their recycling patterns. Journal of Consumer Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761211247488
Emekci, S. (2019). Green consumption behaviours of consumers within the scope of TPB. Journal of Consumer Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-05-2018-2694
Eng, N., Sun, Y., & Myrick, J. G. (2022). Who is your Fitspiration? An Exploration of Strong and Weak Ties with Emotions, Body Satisfaction, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health communication, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.2012978
Esfandiar, K., Dowling, R., Pearce, J., & Goh, E. (2020). Personal norms and the adoption of pro-environmental binning behaviour in national parks: An integrated structural model approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 10-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1663203
Ferrer, R. A., & Mendes, W. B. (2018). Emotion, health decision making, and health behaviour. Psychology & Health, 33(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1385787
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fransson, N., & Gärling, T. (1999). Environmental concern: Conceptual definitions, measurement methods, and research findings. Journal of environmental psychology, 19(4), 369-382. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0141
Frenzel, A. C., Becker-Kurz, B., Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., & Lüdtke, O. (2018). Emotion transmission in the classroom revisited: A reciprocal effects model of teacher and student enjoyment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(5), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000228
Gaiani, S., Caldeira, S., Adorno, V., Segre, A., & Vittuari, M. (2018). Food wasters: Profiling consumers’ attitude to waste food in Italy. Waste Management, 72, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.012
Gilchrist, P. T., Masser, B. M., Horsley, K., & Ditto, B. (2019). Predicting blood donation intention: the importance of fear. Transfusion, 59(12), 3666–3673. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.15554
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
Han, H., & Hyun, S. S. (2017). Drivers of customer decision to visit an environmentally responsible museum: Merging the theory of planned behavior and norm activation theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(9), 1155-1168.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1304317
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. The Journal of environmental education, 18(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1987.9943482
Ibrahim, H., Mariapan, M., Lin, E. L. A., & Bidin, S. (2021a). Environmental Concern, Attitude and Intention in Understanding Student’s Anti-Littering Behavior Using Structural Equation Modeling. Sustainability, 13(8), 4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084301
Ibrahim, H., Mariapan, M., Lin, E. L. A., & Bidin, S. (2021b). Wildlife Conservation through Economically Responsible Ecotourist: The Mediator Roles of Attitude between Anticipated Emotion and Intention to Stay in Local Homestays. Sustainability, 13(16), 9273.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169273
Jain, S., Singhal, S., Jain, N. K., & Bhaskar, K. (2020). Construction and demolition waste recycling: Investigating the role of theory of planned behavior, institutional pressures and environmental consciousness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121405. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121405
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British journal of applied science & technology, 7(4), 396. DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
Kashi, A. N. (2019). Green purchase intention: A conceptual model of factors influencing green purchase of Iranian consumers. Journal of Islamic Marketing.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2019-0120
Kaiser, F. G., Hübner, G., & Bogner, F. X. (2005). Contrasting the theory of planned behavior with the value?belief?norm model in explaining conservation behavior Journal of applied social psychology, 35(10), 2150-2170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02213.x
Kasilingam, D. L. (2020). Understanding the attitude and intention to use smartphone chatbots for shopping. Technology in Society, 62, 101280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101280
Khaola, P. P., Potiane, B., & Mokhethi, M. (2014). Environmental concern, attitude towards green products and green purchase intentions of consumers in Lesotho. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 7(4), 361-370. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v7i4.3
Kim, M. S., & Hunter, J. E. (1993). Relationships among attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behavior: A meta-analysis of past research, part 2. Communication research, 20(3), 331-364.https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009365093020003001
Kim, Y. J., Njite, D., & Hancer, M. (2013). Anticipated emotion in consumers’ intentions to select eco-friendly restaurants: Augmenting the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34(1), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.004
Kline, R. B. (1998). Structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
Kozlowski, D., Hutchinson, M., Hurley, J., Rowley, J., & Sutherland, J. (2017). The role of emotion in clinical decision making: an integrative literature review. BMC medical education, 17(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-1089-7
Krosnick, J. A. (2018). Questionnaire design. In The Palgrave handbook of survey research (pp. 439-455). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Kumar, N., Garg, P., & Singh, S. (2022). Pro-environmental purchase intention towards eco-friendly apparel: Augmenting the theory of planned behavior with perceived consumer effectiveness and environmental concern. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/20932685.2021.2016062
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research (Vol. 108). Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson Custom.
Lee, S. J., & Lina Kim, H. (2018). Roles of perceived behavioral control and self?efficacy to volunteer tourists' intended participation via theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 182-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2171
Leone, L., Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R. (2005). Emotions and decision making: Regulatory focus moderates the influence of anticipated emotions on action evaluations. Cognition & Emotion, 19(8), 1175-1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500203203
Li, G., Li, W., Jin, Z., & Wang, Z. (2019). Influence of environmental concern and knowledge on households’ willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances: A case study in Shanxi, China. Sustainability, 11(4), 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041073
Londono, J. C., Davies, K., & Elms, J. (2017). Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the role of anticipated negative emotions on channel intention: The case of an embarrassing product. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 36, 8-20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.12.002
MacKenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., & Belch, G. E. (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of marketing research, 23(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300205
MacKinnon, D. P. (1994). Analysis of Mediating Variables. Scientific methods for prevention intervention research, 139, 127.
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
Maichum, K., Parichatnon, S., & Peng, K. C. (2017). The influence of environmental concern and environmental attitude on purchase intention towards green products: a case study of young consumers in Thailand. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 2(3), 1-8. www.ijbmm.com
Malik, M. I., Mir, F. N., Hussain, S., Hyder, S., Anwar, A., Khan, Z. U., & Waseem, M. (2019). Contradictory results on environmental concern while re-visiting green purchase awareness and behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-11-2018-0061
Mbaiwa, J. E. (2018). Effects of the safari hunting tourism ban on rural livelihoods and wildlife conservation in Northern Botswana. South African Geographical Journal= Suid-Afrikaanse Geografiese Tydskrif, 100(1), 41-61. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-c70f54aaa
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2016). Extending the theory of planned behaviour: Testing the effects of authentic perception and environmental concerns on the slow-tourist decision-making process. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(6), 528-544.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1020773
Morrish, L., Rickard, N., Chin, T. C., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2018). Emotion regulation in adolescent well-being and positive education. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(5), 1543-1564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9881-y
Naia, A., Baptista, R., Biscaia, R., Januário, C., & Trigo, V. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions of sport sciences students and theory of planned behavior. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 23, 14-21.https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-6574201700010003
Nandi, S., & Singh, S. (2021). Young Adults' Engagement with Facebook Advertisements: An Exploratory Study Using Theory of Planned Behaviour. Indian Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 9-28. DOI: 10.17010/ijom/2021/v51/i2/157548
Odou, P., & Schill, M. (2020). How anticipated emotions shape behavioral intentions to fight climate change. Journal of Business Research, 121, 243-253.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.047
Olsen, C., & St George, D. M. M. (2004). Cross-sectional study design and data analysis. College entrance examination board, 26(03), 2006. http://www.yes-competition.org/media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/yes/4297_MODULE_05.pdf
Onurluba?, E. (2018). The mediating role of environmental attitude on the impact of environmental concern on green product purchasing intention. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 8(2), 5-18.DOI 10.5195/emaj.2018.158
Oteng-Peprah, M., De Vries, N., & Acheampong, M. A. (2020). Households’ willingness to adopt greywater treatment technologies in a developing country–Exploring a modified theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model including personal norm. Journal of environmental management, 254, 109807.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109807
Parkinson, J., Russell-Bennett, R., & Previte, J. (2018). Challenging the planned behavior approach in social marketing: emotion and experience matter. European Journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-05-2016-0309
Pérez-Villarreal, H. H., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., & Izquierdo-Yusta, A. (2019). Testing model of purchase intention for fast food in mexico: How do consumers react to food values, positive anticipated emotions, attitude toward the brand, and attitude toward eating hamburgers?. Foods, 8(9), 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8090369
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2001). The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal?directed behaviours: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behaviour. British journal of social psychology, 40(1), 79-98.
https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164704
Pinto Dos Santos, D., Giese, D., Brodehl, S., Chon, S. H., Staab, W., Kleinert, R., & Baeßler, B. (2019). Medical students' attitude towards artificial intelligence: a multicentre survey. European radiology, 29(4), 1640-1646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5601-1
Qi, X., & Ploeger, A. (2019). Explaining consumers' intentions towards purchasing green food in Qingdao, China: The amendment and extension of the theory of planned behavior. Appetite, 133, 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.004
Rattray, J., & Jones, M. C. (2007). Essential elements of questionnaire design and development. Journal of clinical nursing, 16(2), 234-243.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01573.x
Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., & Bengtsson, M. (2017). Cause I'll feel good! An investigation into the effects of anticipated emotions and personal moral norms on consumer pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Promotion Management, 23(1), 163-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1267681
Rivis, A., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Current psychology, 22(3), 218-233.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1018-2
Sanne, P. N., & Wiese, M. (2018). The theory of planned behaviour and user engagement applied to Facebook advertising. South African Journal of Information Management, 20(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v20i1.915
Saqlain, M., Munir, M. M., Rehman, S. U., Gulzar, A., Naz, S., Ahmed, Z., & Mashhood, M. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers among healthcare workers regarding COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan. Journal of Hospital infection, 105(3), 419-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.007
Sekaran, U. (2003). Towards a guide for novice research on research methodology: Review and proposed methods. Journal of Cases of Information Technology, 8(4), 24-35.
Shalender, K., & Sharma, N. (2021). Using extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict adoption intention of electric vehicles in India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(1), 665-681. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-020-00602-7
Sharma, A., & Foropon, C. (2019). Green product attributes and green purchase behavior: a theory of planned behavior perspective with implications for circular economy. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2018-1092
Shin, Y. H., Im, J., Jung, S. E., & Severt, K. (2018). The theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model approach to consumer behavior regarding organic menus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 21-29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.011
Si, H., Shi, J. G., Tang, D., Wu, G., & Lan, J. (2020). Understanding intention and behavior toward sustainable usage of bike sharing by extending the theory of planned behavior. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104513.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104513
Si, H., Shi, J. G., Tang, D., Wen, S., Miao, W., & Duan, K. (2019). Application of the theory of planned behavior in environmental science: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(15), 2788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152788
Stronza, A. (2007). The economic promise of ecotourism for conservation. Journal of Ecotourism, 6(3), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.2167/joe177.0
Stronza, A., & Pêgas, F. (2008). Ecotourism and conservation: Two cases from Brazil and Peru. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13(4), 263-279.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200802187097
Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 2016, 5. ffhal-02546796f http://www.elvedit.com/
Tan, C. S., Ooi, H. Y., & Goh, Y. N. (2017). A moral extension of the theory of planned behavior to predict consumers’ purchase intention for energy-efficient household appliances in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 107, 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.027
Tarnowski, P., Ko?odziej, M., Majkowski, A., & Rak, R. J. (2017). Emotion recognition using facial expressions. Procedia Computer Science, 108, 1175-1184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.05.025
Taylor, S. A., Ishida, C., & Donovan, L. A. N. (2016). Considering the role of affect and anticipated emotions in the formation of consumer loyalty intentions. Psychology & Marketing, 33(10), 814-829. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20919
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2008). The evolutionary psychology of the emotions and their relationship to internal regulatory variables.
https://www.cep.ucsb.edu/papers/emotionIRVLewisCh8.pdf
Trivedi, R. H., Patel, J. D., & Acharya, N. (2018). Causality analysis of media influence on environmental attitude, intention and behaviors leading to green purchasing. Journal of cleaner production, 196, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.024
Um, J., & Yoon, S. (2021). Evaluating the relationship between perceived value regarding tourism gentrification experience, attitude, and responsible tourism intention. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(3), 345-361.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2019.1707217
Uzun, A. M., & Kilis, S. (2020). Investigating antecedents of plagiarism using extended theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 144, 103700.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103700
Van Teijlingen, E. R., & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social Research Update, 35. http://hdl.handle.net/2164/157
Wandira, R. K. (2020). Negative emotions in excessive product packaging: The effect of environmental concerns. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 10(12), 543-553. https://scholar.unair.ac.id/en/publications/negative-emotions-in-excessive-product-packaging-the-effect-of-en
Weber, A., Büssing, A. G., Jarzyna, R., & Fiebelkorn, F. (2020). Do german student biology teachers intend to eat sustainably? extending the theory of planned behavior with nature relatedness and environmental concern. Sustainability, 12(12), 4909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124909
Wu, J., Liao, H., Wang, J. W., & Chen, T. (2019). The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: A survey from China. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 60, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.029
Xiao, X., & Wong, R. M. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy and perceived behavioral control: a meta-analysis. Vaccine, 38(33), 5131-5138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.076
Yadav, P., Singh, J., Srivastava, D. K., & Mishra, V. (2021). Environmental pollution and sustainability. In Environmental Sustainability and Economy (pp. 111-120). Elsevier. 10.1016/B978-0-12-822188-4.00015-4
Yue, B., Sheng, G., She, S., & Xu, J. (2020). Impact of consumer environmental responsibility on green consumption behavior in China: The role of environmental concern and price sensitivity. Sustainability, 12(5), 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052074
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Ahrari, S., Krauss, S. E., Samah, A. A., Meng, L. K., & Ariffin, Z. (2019). Predicting social entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Research, 96, 264-276.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.030
Zhang, W., & Luo, B. (2021). Do environmental concern and perceived risk contribute to consumers' intention toward buying remanufactured products? An empirical study from China. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 23(2), 463-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02061-8
Zhu, M., Hu, X., Lin, Z., Li, J., Wang, S., & Wang, C. (2020). Intention to adopt bicycle-sharing in China: introducing environmental concern into the theory of planned behavior model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(33), 41740-41750.
Ziegler, J., Araujo, G., Labaja, J., Snow, S., King, J. N., Ponzo, A., & Dearden, P. (2021). Can ecotourism change community attitudes towards conservation?. Oryx, 55(4), 546-555.
https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HIS-Report/HIS_Pulau_Pinang.pdf
In-Text Citation: (Ibrahim et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Ibrahim, H., Mariapan, M., Lim, E. A. L., & Bidin, S. (2022). Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict Responsible Ecotourism: Structural Equation Modelling. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 12(6), 1691 – 1719.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode