Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Cycle of Fear of Learning a Foreign Language: Does Gender Matter?

Nur Ashiquin C. Alih, Nabila Eizati Komarudin, Shabina Kumari Subramaniam, Siti Syairah Fakhruddin, Noor Hanim Rahmat

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i1/15567

Open access

Foreign language learning as stipulated in the Malaysian Education Blueprint as one of the important facets towards developing a human capital. Upholding this aspiration, Malaysian students at the higher institutions are encouraged to take up a foreign language course throughout their study period. However, learning a foreign language can be a daunting and traumatic experience to many due to several reasons with gender role being one of the most prominent factors. Hence, this quantitative study is done to explore the comparison of fear of learning a foreign language across gender. The study involved 202 students from seven different foreign language courses namely German, Mandarin, Japanese, Arabic, Korean, Italian and French from Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTM, Shah Alam. A survey adapted from Wenden and Rubin (1987) and Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1986) was distributed through Google Form. The data shown that female students experienced greater fear of foreign language learning across all elements under this study namely communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety, as opposed to their male counterparts. Although male students showed equal level of self-consciousness when speaking, their anxiety seemed to be lower than the females. The study could be an invaluable source to inform foreign language teaching especially in creating a stress-free environment for learning.

Afrianti, D., & Afna, M. (2020). Who is more anxious in learning a foreign language: males or females? INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research, 1(2), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.32505/inspira.v1i2.2877
Albalawi, F. H. (2017). L2 Demotivation among Saudi Learners of English: The Role of the
Language Learning Mindsets. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161100542.pdf
Alsowat, H. H. (2016). Foreign language anxiety in higher education: A practical framework for reducing FLA. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(7), 193-220.
doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n7p193
Alyousif, R. & Alsuhaibani, Z. (2021). English language learning demotivating factors for
Saudi high school EFL learners. English Language Teaching, 14(8), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v14n8p29
Awan, R. U. N., Azher, M., Anwar, M, N., & Naz, A. (2010). An investigation of foreign
language classroom anxiety and its relationship with students’ achievement. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 7(11), 33?40. https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v7i11.249
Celik, B. (2019). Relationship between foreign language learning and exam stress
with gender: A study on Tshik International University preparatory school students, Iraq. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 5(3), 311-322. DOI: 10.23918/ijsses.v5i3p311
Dornyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign-language learning. Language
Learning, 40(1), 45-78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00954.x
Differences of Gender in Communication Apprehension of University Students. (2020c, July 16). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Gender Research. https://doi.org/10.34190/igr.20.146
Elaldi, S. (2016). Foreign language anxiety of students studying English language and
literature: A sample from Turkey. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(6), 219-228.
DOI: 10.5897/ERR2015.2507
Gargalianou, V., Muehlfeld, K., Urbig, D., & Witteloostuijn, A. V. (2015). The effects of gender and personality on foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals, Schumpeter Discussion Papers, No. 2015-002, University of Wuppertal, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, Wuppertal, https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:468-20150209-151717-3
Gerencheal, B. (2016). Gender differences in foreign language anxiety at an Ethiopian University: Mizan-Tepi University third year English major students in focus. African Journal of Education and Practice, 1(1), 1–16. Retrieved from
https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/AJEP/article/view/65
Ghadirzadeh, R., Hashtroudi, F. P. & Shokri, O. (2012). Demotivating factors for English
language learning among university students. Journal of Social Sciences 8(2), 189-195. https://thescipub.com/pdf/jssp.2012.189.195.pdf
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. A. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety.
Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
Iwaniec, J. (2019). Language learning motivation and gender: The case of Poland,
International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 29(1), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12251
Impact of gender on foreign language anxiety among advanced learners of ... (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hafiz-Qasim-2/publication/353752055_IMPACT_OF_GENDER_ON_FOREIGN_LANGUAGE_ANXIETY_AMONG_ADVANCED_LEARNERS_OF_ENGLISH_IN_PAKISTAN/links/610e570f169a1a0103e5feec/IMPACT-OF-GENDER-ON-FOREIGN-LANGUAGE-ANXIETY-AMONG-ADVANCED-LEARNERS-OF-ENGLISH-IN-PAKISTAN.pdf
Khudayberganov, A., Ruzmetova, S., & Kurbonov, M. (2020). The phenomenon of
"motivation" in the learning process and its features (education in the context of Covid-19). European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(2), 2977-2987. https://ejmcm.com/article_2520_5f4070be7cd8006e0406421d22eae0a8.pdf
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford,
England: Pergamon Press.
http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf
Loureiro, M., Loureiro, N., & Silva, R. (2020). Differences of gender in oral and written communication apprehension of University students. Education Sciences, 10(12), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10120379
McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1982). Communication apprehension and shyness: Conceptual and operational distinctions, Central States Speech Journal, 33(3), 458-468, DOI: 10.1080/10510978209388452
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: Toward
a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on
cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), 283-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x
McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1982). Communication apprehension and shyness: Conceptual and operational distinctions. Central States Speech Journal, 33(3), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510978209388452
Miller, M. T., & Edmunds, N. A. (1995). Gender Considerations in the Study of
Communication Apprehension. The Journal of Technology Studies, 21(2), 43–46.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/43603777
Ministry of Education (MOE). (2015). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher
Education). Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/38153132/_Executive_Summary_PPPM_2015_2025_Higher_Education
Molnar, D., & Crnjak, G. (2018). Exploring Foreign Language Communication Apprehension among the English Language University Students in the English Language Classroom Setting. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 5(2), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0031
Nahavandi, N., & Mukundan, J. (2013). Foreign language learning anxiety among Iranian EFL
learners along gender and different proficiency levels. Language in India, 13(1),
133–161.
Nur Afiqah, A. L. (2015). A study on English language anxiety among adult learners in
University Technology Malaysia (UTM). Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 208, 223 – 232. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.198
Ozturk, G., & Gurbuz, N. (2013). The impact of gender on foreign language speaking anxiety and motivation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 654–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.106
Rafek, M., Ramly, N.H., & Hasni, N. A. (2015). Language and Gender: Fear of Evaluation in Second Language Learning. Proceeding of the 3rd Global Summit on Education GSE 2015 (e-ISBN 978-967-0792-01-1)
Rafek, M., Ramli, N, H, L., Iksan, H. S, Harith, N. M., & Abas, A. I. C. (2014). Gender and language: Communication apprehension in second language learning. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 123, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1401
Rafek, M., Ramli, N. H. L., & Hassan, J. (2018). Language and Gender: Fear of Evaluation in
Second Language Learning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(1), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i1/3825
Rahman, H. A., Rajab, A., Abdul Wahab, S. R., Mohd Nor, F., Wan Zakaria, W. N. & Badli,
M. A. (2017). Factors affecting motivation in language learning. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(7), 543-547
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2017.7.7.927
Razak, N. A., Yassin, A. A., & Mohamad Maasum, T. N. (2017). Effect of foreign language anxiety on gender and academic achievement among Yemeni University EFL students. English Language Teaching, 10(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n2p73
Santana, J. C., & Eccius-Wellmann, C. (2018). Gender differences in test anxiety in high-
stakes English proficiency tests. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 15(1), 100-111. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12552/4687
Seven, M. A. (2020). Motivation in language learning and teaching. African Educational
Research Journal, 8(2), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.8S2.20.033
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: A review of the anxiety
research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1978.tb00309.x
Tobias, S. (1986). Anxiety and cognitive processing of instruction. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.),
Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp. 35-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203781609
Tsai, C. C. (2013). The impact of foreign language anxiety, test anxiety, and self-efficacy
among senior high school students in Taiwan. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 1(3), 1-17. Retrieved from
https://www.eajournals.org/journals/international-journal-of-english-language-and-linguistics-research-ijellr/vol-1-issue-3-december-2013/impact-foreign-language-anxiety-test-anxiety-self-efficacy-among-senior-high-school-students-taiwan/
Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language
anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426-439. https://doi.org/10.2307/329492
Zheng, Y. (2008). Anxiety and Second/Foreign Language Learning Revisited. Canadian
Journal for New Scholars in Education, 1(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://cdm.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cjnse/article/view/30393

In-Text Citation: (Alih et al., 2023)
To Cite this Article: Alih, N. A. C., Komarudin, N. E., Subramaniam, S. K., Fakhruddin, S. S., & Rahmat, N. H. (2023). Cycle of Fear of Learning a Foreign Language: Does Gender Matter? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(1), 585 – 606.