ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
This study examined the relationship between behaviour and habit factor, passive leadership factor, and hostility factor and to determine the strongest factors of sexual harassment in restaurant industry among employee. More than 100 sets of questionnaires were prepared and distributed to the targeted respondents that currently working or did not that has an experience in the hospitality industry. After that, the SPSS software was used to examine those data which were gathered and also to generate the final result. The result shows that there are correlations between sexual harassment of the employees in the hospitality industry and with other three independent variables (behaviour and habit factor, passive leadership factor, and hostility factor). The findings, limitations of the study, implications of the study and recommendations of this study will be discussed.
Agrusa, J., Tanner, J., & Coats, W. (2000). Perceptions of restaurant employees in Asia Pacific on sexual harassment in the hospitality industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 5(2), 29-44.
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of management review, 24(3), 452-471.
Aquino, K., & Douglas, S. (2003). Identity threat and antisocial behavior in organizations: The moderating effects of individual differences, aggressive modeling, and hierarchical status. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(1), 195-208.;
Bargh, J. A., Raymond, P., Pryor, J. B., & Strack, F. (1995). Attractiveness of the underling: An automatic power? sex association and its consequences for sexual harassment and aggression. Journal of personality and social psychology, 68(5), 768.;
Barling, J., Rogers, A. G., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Behind closed doors: in-home workers' experience of sexual harassment and workplace violence. Journal of occupational health psychology, 6(3), 255.
Berdahl, J. L. (2007). Harassment based on sex: Protecting social status in the context of gender hierarchy. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 641-658.
Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (2005). The Study of Revenge in the Workplace: Conceptual, Ideological, and Empirical Issues.
Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 91(5), 998.
Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N. E., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta?analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52.
Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. R. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 4(4), 381-401.
Fine, L. M., Shepherd, C. D., & Josephs, S. L. (1999). Insights into sexual harassment of salespeople by customers: The role of gender and customer power. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 19(2), 19-34.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Magley, V. J., Drasgow, F., & Waldo, C. R. (1999). Measuring sexual harassment in the military: the sexual experiences questionnaire (SEQ—DoD). Military Psychology, 11(3), 243-263.
Gettman, H. J., & Gelfand, M. J. (2007). When the customer shouldn't be king: antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment by clients and customers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 757.
Hajdin, M. (2002). The law of sexual harassment: a critique. Susquehanna University Press.
Harris, A. (2013). Distributed leadership: Friend or foe?. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 41(5), 545-554.
Johan Hauge, L., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study. Work & stress, 21(3), 220-242.
Hinkin, T. R., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2008). A theoretical and empirical examination of the transactional and non-leadership dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 501-513.
Holtz, B. C., & Harold, C. M. (2013). Effects of leadership consideration and structure on employee perceptions of justice and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), 492-519.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of applied psychology, 89(5), 755.
Kelloway, E. K., Sivanathan, N., Francis, L., & Barling, J. (2005). Poor leadership. Handbook of work stress, 89-112.
Liefooghe, A. P., & Mac Davey, K. (2001). Accounts of workplace bullying: The role of the organization. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 10(4), 375-392.
Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of applied psychology, 90(3), 483.
Miner-Rubino, K., & Cortina, L. M. (2004). Working in a context of hostility toward women: implications for employees' well-being. Journal of occupational health psychology, 9(2), 107.
Morganson, V. J., & Major, D. A. (2008). Exploring the theoretical and empirical significance of sexual harassment from third parties. San Francisco: Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Bowes-Sperry, L., Bates, C. A., & Lean, E. R. (2009). Sexual harassment at work: A decade (plus) of progress. Journal of Management, 35(3), 503-536.
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2007). Does rudeness really matter? The effects of rudeness on task performance and helpfulness. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1181-1197.
Sabitha, M, (2008). ‘Misbehaviors at Present and Future Workplace: Issues and Challengers for Public Sector Management, Public Service of Malaysia’, Journal of Psychology, vol.3, pp. 111-131.
Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M. S., & Hetland, H. (2007). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of occupational health psychology, 12(1), 80.
In-Text Citation: (Kamaruddin et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Kamaruddin, M. S. Y., Nordin, M. N. H., Abekan, A. F. binti, Mortadza, F. H. M., & Suhaimi, M. Z. (2022). Factors Contribute Sexual Harassment among Male Employees in Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11), 992 – 1001.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode