ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
COVID 19 infection can cause long term damage to the brain and other parts of the body resulting in challenges, cognitive difficulties and emotional distress. The purpose of this study was to examine the tools that are utilized for evaluating health implications in individuals who have recovered from COVID 19 well, as the overall impact on mental wellbeing. The researchers conducted a review of studies published between January 2020 and April 2022 by searching databases such as PubMed, Scopus and ProQuest. A total of 20,166 studies was identified and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) was used. The selected studies employed assessment instruments to evaluate health status among individuals affected by COVID 19. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) emerged as the used tool. Additionally, other scales were utilized to measure depression, anxiety levels, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mental wellbeing. The findings from this review indicated that mental health issues and psychiatric symptoms persisted even after patients were discharged from hospitals. Several factors such as age, presence of comorbidities or underlying conditions ICU admission history, female gender involvement, and living in low income countries were identified as contributors, to anxiety disorders depression symptoms, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Albu S., Zozaya N.R., Murillo N., Garcia-Molina A., Chacón C.A.F., Kumru H. What’s going on following acute covid-19? Clinical characteristics of patients in an out-patient rehabilitation program. NeuroRehabilitation, (Preprint) 2021:1–12.
Alemanno F., Houdayer E., Parma A., Spina A., Del Forno A., Scatolini A., Angelone S., Brugliera L., Tettamanti A., Beretta L., Iannaccone S. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. Plos one. 2021;16(2).
Arksey H., O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 2005;8:19–32. doi:
10.1080/1364557032000119616.
Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Milne A, Morley AJ, Viner J, Attwood M, Noel A, Gunning S, Hatrick J, Hamilton S, Elvers KT, Hyams C, Bibby A, Moran E, Adamali HI, Dodd JW, Maskell NA, Barratt SL. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax. 2021 Apr;76(4):399-401. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086. Epub 2020 Dec 3. PMID: 33273026; PMCID: PMC7716340.
Bellan M., Soddu D., Balbo P.E., Baricich A., Zeppegno P., Avanzi G.C., Baldon G., Bartolomei G., Battaglia M., Battistini S., Binda V. Respiratory and psychophysical sequelae among patients with COVID-19 four months after hospital discharge. JAMA network open. 2021;4(1):e2036142.
Chang M.C., Park D. Incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder after coronavirus disease. Healthcare. 2020;8(4):373. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040373. 2020.30.
Daher A., Balfanz P., Cornelissen C., Müller A., Bergs I., Marx N. Follow up of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease sequelae. Respir. Med. 2020;174:106197.
Daher A., Cornelissen C., Hartmann N.-U., Balfanz P., Müller A., Bergs I., Aetou M., Marx N., Marx G., Simon T.-P., Müller-Wieland D., Hartmann B., Kersten A., Müller T., Dreher M. Six months follow-up of patients with invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 related ARDS. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 2021;18 doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115861.
de Graaf M.A., Antoni M.L., Ter Kuile M.M., Arbous M.S., Duinisveld A.J.F., Feltkamp M.C.W., Groeneveld G.H., Hinnen S.C.H., Janssen V.R., Lijfering W.M., Omara S. Short-term outpatient follow-up of COVID-19 patients: A multidisciplinary approach. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;32:100731.
De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Lanzani C, Benedetti F, Roveri L, Mazza MG, Brioni E, Giacalone G, Canti V, Sofia V, D'Amico M, Di Napoli D, Ambrosio A, Scarpellini P, Castagna A, Landoni G, Zangrillo A, Bosi E, Tresoldi M, Ciceri F, Rovere-Querini P. Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study. PLoS One. 2020 Oct 14;15(10):e0239570. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239570. PMID: 33052920; PMCID: PMC7556454.
Frontera J.A., Yang D., Lewis A., Patel P., Medicherla C., Arena V., Fang T., Andino A., Snyder T., Madhavan M., Gratch D., Fuchs B., Dessy A., Canizares M., Jauregui R., Thomas B., Bauman K., Olivera A., Bhagat D., Sonson M., Park G., Stainman R., Sunwoo B., Talmasov D., Tamimi M., Zhu Y., Rosenthal J., Dygert L., Ristic M., Ishii H., Valdes E., Omari M., Gurin L., Huang J., Czeisler B.M., Kahn D.E., Zhou T., Lin J., Lord A.S., Melmed K., Meropol S., Troxel A.B., Petkova E., Wisniewski T., Balcer L., Morrison C., Yaghi S., Galetta S. A prospective study of long-term outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without neurological complications. J. Neurol. Sci. 2021;426:117486.
Garrigues E., Janvier P., Kherabi Y., Le Bot A., Hamon A., Gouze H. Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J. Inf. Secur. 2020;81:e4–e6.
González J., Benítez I.D., Carmona P., Santisteve S., Monge A., Moncusí-Moix A., Gort-Paniello C., Pinilla L., Carratalá A., Zuil M., Ferrer R. Pulmonary Function and Radiologic Features in Survivors of Critical COVID-19: A 3-Month Prospective Cohort. Chest. 2021
Guo Q., Zheng Y., Shi J., Wang J., Li G., Li C., Fromson J.A., Xu Y., Liu X., Xu H., Zhang T. Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: a mixed-method study. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;88:17–27.
Halpin S.J., McIvor C., Whyatt G., Adams A., Harvey O., McLean L. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol. 2021;93:1013–1022.
doi: 10.1002/jmv.26368.
Hasan M.J., Tabssum T., Ambia N.E., Zaman M.S., Rahman M., Khan A.S. Mental Health of the COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh.?Mymensingh medical journal. MMJ. 2021;30(1):189–195.
Ismael F., Bizario J.C., Battagin T., Zaramella B., Leal F.E., Torales J. Post-infection depression, anxiety and PTSD: a retrospective cohort study with mild COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. 2020 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.25.20182113.
Kamal M., Abo Omirah M., Hussein A., Saeed H. Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2020 doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13746. 2020: e13746.
Kang E., Lee S.Y., Kim M.S., Jung H., Kim K.H., Kim K.N., Park H.Y., Lee Y.J., Cho B., Sohn J.H. The Psychological Burden of COVID-19 Stigma: Evaluation of the Mental Health of Isolated Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2021;36(3)
Liu D., Baumeister R.F., Veilleux J.C., Chen C., Liu W., Yue Y. Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2020;292:113297. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113297.
Mandal S., Barnett J., Brill S.E., Brown J.S., Denneny E.K., Hare S.S. ‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19. J. Thorax. 2020 doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215818.
Mattioli F., Stampatori C., Righetti F., Sala E., Tomasi C., De Palma G. Neurological and cognitive sequelae of Covid-19: a four month follow-up. J. Neurol. 2021 doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10579-6.
Mazza M.G., De Lorenzo R., Conte C., Poletti S., Vai B., Bollettini I. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020;89:594–600.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037.
De Lorenzo R., Conte C., Lanzani C., Benedetti F., Roveri L., Mazza M.G. Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: a retrospective and prospective observational cohort study. PLoS One. 2020;15 doi: 10.1371/journal.
Mazza MG, Palladini M, De Lorenzo R, Magnaghi C, Poletti S, Furlan R, Ciceri F; COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group, Rovere-Querini P, Benedetti F. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 May;94:138-147. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021. Epub 2021 Feb 24. PMID: 33639239; PMCID: PMC7903920.
Format:
Mendez R., Balanza-Martinez V., Luperdi S.C., Estrada I., Latorre A., Gonzalez-Jimenez P. Short-term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of Life in COVID-19 survivors. medRxiv. 2020 doi: 10.1111/joim.13262.
Morin L., Savale L., Pham T., Colle R., Figueiredo S., Harrois A., Gasnier M., Lecoq A.L., Meyrignac O., Noel N., Baudry E. Four-month clinical status of a cohort of patients after hospitalization for COVID-19. Jama. 2021;325(15):1525–1534.
Naidu S.B., Shah A.J., Saigal A., Smith C., Brill S.E., Goldring J., Hurst J.R., Jarvis H., Lipman M., Mandal S. The high mental health burden of “Long COVID” and its association with on-going physical and respiratory symptoms in all adults discharged from hospital. European Respiratory Journal. 2021
Ortelli P., Ferrazzoli D., Sebastianelli L., Engl M., Romanello R., Nardone R., Bonini I., Koch G., Saltuari L., Quartarone A., Oliviero A. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2021;420:117271.
Park H.Y., Jung J., Park H.Y., Lee S.H., Kim E.S., Kim H.B., Song K.H. Psychological Consequences of Survivors of COVID-19 Pneumonia 1 Month after Discharge. Journal of Korean medical science. 2020;35(47)
Poyraz B.Ç., Poyraz C.A., Olgun Y., Gürel Ö., Alkan S., Özdemir Y.E., Balkan ?.?., Karaali R. Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19. Psychiatry research. 2021;295:113604.
Rass V., Beer R., Schiefecker A.J., Kofler M., Lindner A., Mahlknecht P., Heim B., Limmert V., Sahanic S., Pizzini A., Sonnweber T., Tancevski I., Scherfler C., Zamarian L., Bellmann-Weiler R., Weiss G., Djamshidian A., Kiechl S., Seppi K., Loeffler-Ragg J., Pfausler B., Helbok R. Neurological outcome and quality of life 3 months after COVID-19: a prospective observational cohort study. Eur. J. Neurol. 2021 doi: 10.1111/ene.14803.
Taquet M., Geddes J.R., Husain M., Luciano S., Harrison P.J. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(5):416–427.
Tanriverdi A., Savci S., Kahraman B.O., Ozpelit E. Extrapulmonary features of post-COVID-19 patients: muscle function, physical activity, mood, and sleep quality. Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2021;((1971-),):1–7.
Tarsitani L., Vassalini P., Koukopoulos A., Borrazzo C., Alessi F., Di Nicolantonio C., Serra R., Alessandri F., Ceccarelli G., Mastroianni C.M., d’Ettorre G. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder among COVID-19 survivors at 3-month follow-up after hospital discharge. Journal of General Internal
Tomasoni D., Bai F., Castoldi R., Barbanotti D., Falcinella C., Mulè G. Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy. J. Med. Virol. 2021;93:1175–1179. 10.1002/jmv.
van den Borst B., Peters J.B., Brink M., Schoon Y., Bleeker-Rovers C.P., Schers H., van Hees H.W., van Helvoort H., van den Boogaard M., van der Hoeven H., Reijers M.H. Comprehensive Health Assessment 3 Months After Recovery From Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;73(5):e1089–e1098.
Venturelli S., Benatti S.V., Casati M., Binda F., Zuglian G., Imeri G., Conti C., Biffi A.M., Spada M.S., Bondi E., Camera G. Surviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation. Epidemiology & Infection. 2021:149.
Weerahandi H., Hochman K.A., Simon E., Blaum C., Chodosh J., Duan E. Post-discharge health status and symptoms in patients with severe COVID-19. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2020:1–8. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.11.20172742.
Wu C., Hu X., Song J., Yang D., Xu J., Cheng K. Mental health status and related influencing factors of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China. Clin. Trans. Med. 2020;10 doi: 10.1002/ctm2.52.
Xiong Q., Xu M., Li J., Liu Y., Zhang J., Xu Y. Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-Centre longitudinal study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2021;27:89–95.
Yuan B., Li W., Liu H., Cai X., Song S., Zhao J. Correlation between immune response and self-reported depression during convalescence from COVID-19. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020;88:39–43.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.062.
Chen, K. Y,, T. Li, F. Gong, J.-S. Zhang, X.-K. Li, Predictors of health-related quality of life and influencing factors for COVID-19 patients, a follow-up at one month,Front. Psychiatry. 11 (2020) 668, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00522.x.
Hamilton M. (1960). A Rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 23:56–62
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. Jun;30(6):473-83. PMID: 1593914.
Spitzer R. L., Kroenke K., Williams J. B. W., Löwe B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166 1092–1097. 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Mowla A, Ghaedsharaf M, Pani A. Psychopathology in Elderly COVID-19 Survivors and Controls. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022 May;35(3):467-471. doi: 10.1177/08919887211002664. Epub 2021 Mar 22. PMID: 33745373.
Xu F, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang K, Shi Y, Xia L, Hu X, Liu H. Depression and insomnia in COVID-19 survivors: a cross-sectional survey from Chinese rehabilitation centers in Anhui province. Sleep Med. 2022 Mar;91:161-165. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.002. Epub 2021 Feb 8. PMID: 33627300; PMCID: PMC7869685.
Chamberlain SR, Grant JE, Trender W, Hellyer P, Hampshire A. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in COVID-19 survivors: online population survey. BJPsych Open. 2021 Feb 9;7(2):e47. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.3. PMID: 33557964; PMCID: PMC7873456.
Abdilahi Yousuf, Ramli Musa, Muhammad Lokman, Siti Roshaidai Arifin (2020) A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in WLHIV. License CC BY 4.0. Lab: Ramli Musa's Lab. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-34238/v1
Cai X, Hu X, Ekumi IO, Wang J, An Y, Li Z, Yuan B. Psychological Distress and Its Correlates Among COVID-19 Survivors During Early Convalescence Across Age Groups. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;28(10):1030-1039. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.07.003. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PMID: 32753338; PMCID: PMC7347493.
Imran J, Nasa P, Alexander L, Upadhyay S, Alanduru V. Psychological distress among survivors of moderate-to-critical COVID-19 illness: A multicentric prospective cross-sectional study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2021 May-Jun;63(3):285-289. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1074_20. Epub 2021 Jun 17. PMID: 34211223; PMCID: PMC8221213.
Jafri, M.R., Zaheer, A., Fatima, S. et al. Mental health status of COVID-19 survivors: a cross sectional study. Virol J 19, 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01729-3
Daher A., Balfanz P., Cornelissen C., Müller A., Bergs I., Marx N. (2020). Follow up of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease sequelae. Respir. Med. 2020;174:106197.
Daher A., Cornelissen C., Hartmann N.-U., Balfanz P., Müller A., Bergs I., Aetou M., Marx N., Marx G., Simon T.-P., Müller-Wieland D., Hartmann B., Kersten A., Müller T., Dreher M. Six months follow-up of patients with invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 related ARDS. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 2021;18 doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115861.
World Health Organisation. Coronavirus. 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
United Nations. WHO: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandamic. 2020. https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus
Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, Rose EB, Shapiro NI, Files DC, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network—United States, March–June 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020; 69 (30):993.
https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1 PMID: 32730238
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 PMID: 32171076
Bryson WJ. Long-term health-related quality of life concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action. Quality of Life Research. 2020:1–3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7568937/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02677-1 PMID: 33073307
Santus P, Tursi F, Croce G, Di Simone C, Frassanito F, Gaboardi P, et al. Changes in quality of life and dyspnoea after hospitalization in COVID-19 patients discharged at home. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. 2020;
15(1). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117535/
https://doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2020.713 PMID: 33117535
Cirulli E, Barrett KMS, Riffle S, Bolze A, Neveux I, Dabe S, et al. Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population. medrxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.07.20208702
Courtemanche C, Garuccio J, Le A, Pinkston J, Yelowitz A. Strong Social Distancing Measures In The United States Reduced The COVID-19 Growth Rate. Health Affairs. 2020; 39(7). https://doi.org/10. 1377/hlthaff.2020.00608 PMID: 32407171
de Matos DG, Aidar FJ, Almeida-Neto PFd, Moreira OC, Souza RFd, Marc ?al AC, et al. The impact of measures recommended by the government to limit the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) on physical activity levels, quality of life, and mental health of Brazilians. Sustainability. 2020; 12(21):9072. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su12219072
Tran BX, Nguyen HT, Le HT, Latkin CA, Pham HQ, Vu LG, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on economic well-being and quality of life of the Vietnamese during the national social distancing. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153 PMID: 33041928
Woods J, N.T. Hutchinson, S.K. Powers, W.O. Roberts, M.C. Gomez-Cabrera,
Z. Radak, (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity, J. Sport Health Sci., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006.
Team E.E, Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern, J. Eurosurveillance. 25 (2020), 200131e,
https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917. ES.2020.25.5.200131e.
Cipollaro, L, L. Giordano, J. Padulo, F. Oliva, N. Maffulli, (2020). Musculoskeletal symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients, J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 15 (1) 178–184.
Ellul M. A, L. Benjamin, B. Singh, S. Lant, B.D. Michael, A. Easton. (2020) Neurological associations of COVID-19, Lancet Neurol, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0.
Wostyn P (2020). COVID-19 and chronic fatigue syndrome: Is the worst yet to come? J.Med. Hypotheses. 146:110469.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.110469.
Komaroff A.L, L. Bateman (2021). Will COVID-19 lead to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome? J. Front. Med. 7 1132.
Ahmed, H, K. Patel, D.C. Greenwood, S. Halpin, P. Lewthwaite, A. Salawu, (2020). Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Rehabil. Med. 52 1–11.
Wu, C, X. Hu, J. Song, D. Yang, J. Xu, K. Cheng, et al., Mental health status and related influencing factors of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China, Clin. Trans. Med. 10 (2020), e52, https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.52.
Rathakrishnan, B., Singh, S. S. B., Yahaya, A., Kamaluddin, M. R., & Aziz, S. F. A. (2022). The relationship among spirituality, fear, and mental health on COVID-19 among adults: exploratory research. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 815332.
Zakaria, S. M., Mohd, R. H., Ibrahim, F., Nor, N. I. Z., & Selamat, M. N. (2022). Kelesuan Pandemik: Hubungannya dengan Pematuhan SOP, Konflik Kerjaya-Keluarga, Tekanan Emosi dan Risiko Fizikal dalam kalangan Masyarakat Awam Malaysia (Pandemic Fatigue: Its Correlation With SOP Compliance, Career-Family Conflict, Emotional Distress, and Physical Risk among Malaysian Citizens). JURNAL PSIKOLOGI MALAYSIA, 35(3).
Abd Aziz, N. S., & Badayai, A. R. A. (2022). The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges, Family Relationship and Coping Strategies. Social Sciences, 12(4), 1439-1447.
Ke, G. N., Grajfoner, D., Carter, S., DeLima, N., Khairudin, R., Lau, W. Y., ... & Lee, S. C. (2022). Psychological wellbeing and employability of retrenched workforce during COVID-19: A qualitative study exploring the mitigations for post pandemic recovery phase. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 907797.
Nen, S., Ibrahim, F., Sarnon, N., Akhir, N. M., & Abdullah, H. (2022). Depression, anxiety and fear during the COVID-19 pandemic Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia. In Social and Political Issues on Sustainable Development in the Post Covid-19 Crisis (pp. 9-18). Routledge.
(Khairuddin et al., 2023)
Khairuddin, R., Ramachandren, R. K., & Nor, H. A. @ M. (2023). Mental Health Implications After Post-Covid-19 on Survivors: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12), 4081–4113.
Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode