ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Screen time has become common in this digital era where using computers, televisions (TV), smartphones and tablets has become a part of daily living, easy to access and serves as a platform for activity and entertainment especially among children. Although there are benefits to children using screens, there are also many drawbacks associated with prolonged screen use during childhood. These studies outline the effect of excessive screen exposure among preschool children that gives an impact to child development. It shows that excessive screen time causes an impact toward health, development and behaviour. However, it can be controlled by implementing strategies by maintaining a balanced lifestyle.
Barber, S. E., Kelly, B., Collings, P. J., Nagy, L., Bywater, T., & Wright. J. (2017). Prevalence, trajectories, and determinants of television viewing time in an ethnically diverse sample of young children from the UK. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1). http://doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0541-8
Bibi, A., Khan, N. S., Rasheed, H., Kulsoom, U., Musharraf & Ali, Sajid. (2022). Effects of Increased Electronic Screen Exposure and Its Relation with Autistic Spectrum Symptoms (ASD) – A Cross Sectional Study in Peshawar. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 61(1), 30-34. Retrieved from
https://www.pjmr.org.pk/index.php/pjmr/article/view/269
Chen, J. Y., Strodl, E., Huang, L. H., Chen, Y. J., Yang, G. Y. Y. & Chen, W. Q. (2020). Early Electronic Screen Exposure and Autistic-Like Behaviours among Pre-schoolers: The Mediating Role of Caregiver-Child Interaction, Sleep Duration and Outdoor Activities. Children, 7(11), 200. http://doi:10.3390/children7110200
Choi, Y., Lee, D. Y., Lee, S., Park, E.-J., Yoo, H. J., & Shin, Y. (2021). Association between screen overuse and behavioral and emotional problems in elementary school children. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(4), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.210015
Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Germany: SAGE Publications.
Djalalinia, S., Kelishadi, R., Keikha, M., Qorbani, M., & Kazemi Tabaee, M. (2020). Screen time activities and aggressive behaviors among children and adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_71_20
Griffiths, K. L., Mackey, M. G., & Adamson, B. J. (2007) The impact of a computerized work environment on professional occupational groups and behavioural and physiological risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms: a literature review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 17(4), 743-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-007-9108-x
Guerrero, M. D., Barnes, J. D., Chaput, J. P., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019). Screen time and problem behaviours in children: exploring the mediating role of sleep duration. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0862-x
Gunasekaran, A., Karupannagounder, G., Rangaswamy, V., Muraleetharan, G., Panneerselvam, P., Sugahthi, V., & Sasikala, G. (2022). Association between Screen Time and Psychosocial and Behavioural Well-Being of Preschoolers during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Tamil Nadu. Apollo Medicine, 19(4), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.4103/am.am_101_22
Habibzadeh, N. (2018). The Effect of Long - Term Computer Use on Health- Related Physiological Perspectives. International Physiology Journal, 1(3), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2471
Hisler, G. C., Hasler, B. P., Franzen, P. L., Clark, D. B., & Twenge, J. M. (2020). Screen media use and sleep disturbance symptom severity in children. Sleep Health, 6(6), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.07.002
Hu, Z., Bi, S., Wang, W., Liu, C., & Li, L. (2023). Association of screen exposure with psychosocial problems in primary school students. Frontier in Pediatrics, 10. https://doi:10.3389/fped.2022.961137
Lissak G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental research, 164, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015
Maurya, C., Muhammad, T., Maurya, P. et al. (2022). The association of smartphone screen time with sleep problems among adolescents and young adults: cross-sectional findings from India. BMC Public Health,22, 1686. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14076-x
Mortazavi, S. A., Taeb, S., Mortazavi, S. M., Zarei, S., Haghani, M., Habibzadeh, P. & Shojaei-Fard, M. B. (2016). The Fundamental Reasons Why Laptop Computers should not be Used on Your Lap. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 6(4), 279-284. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28144597/
Muppalla, S. K., Vuppalapati, S., Reddy Pulliahgaru, A., & Sreenivasulu, H. (2023). Effects of Excessive Screen Time on Child Development: An Updated Review and Strategies for Management. Cureus, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40608
Nimbalkar, S., Shah, R., Fahey, N., Soni, A., & Phatak, A. (2019). Screen time usage among preschoolers aged 2-6 in rural Western India: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(6), 1999. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_206_19
Parent, J., Sanders, W., & Forehand, R. (2016). Youth Screen Time and Behavioural Health Problems. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics,37 (4), 277-84. https://doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000272
Qu, G., Hu, W., Meng, J., Wang, X., Su, W., Liu, H., Ma, S., Sun, C., Huang, C., Lowe, S., & Sun, Y. (2023). Association Between Screen Time and Developmental and Behavioral Problems Among Children in The United States: evidence from 2018 to 2020 NSCH. Journal of Psychiatric Research,161, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.014
Rashid, S. M. M., Mawah, J., Banik, E., Akter, Y., Deen, J. I., Jahan, A., Khan, N. M., Rahman, M. M., Lipi, N., Akter, F., Paul, A. & Mannan, A. (2021). Prevalence and impact of the use of electronic gadgets on the health of children in secondary schools in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports, 4(4), e388. https://doi:10.1002/hsr2.388
Chassiakos, R. Y., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., Cross, C. (2016). Children and Adolescents and Digital Media. Pediatrics, 138(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593
Sarla, G. S. (2019). Excessive use of electronic gadgets: health effects. The Egyption Journal of Internal Medicine, 31, 408–411. https://doi.org/10.4103/ejim.ejim_56_19
Suleman, M., Sughra, U., Riaz, A., & Akbar, M. (2023). Effect of screen time on behavior of pre-schoolers in Islamabad. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 39(2), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6883
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2018). Sleep and emotional processing. Sleep Medicine Review, 40, 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005
Tooth, L. R., Moss, K. M., & Mishra, G. D. (2021). Screen Time and child behaviour and health-related quality of life: Effect of family context. Preventive Medicine, 153, 106795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106795
Vadakkemulanjanal Joseph G., Thomas, A., Elizabeth, S., Vargheese, S., & Thomas, J. (2022). The Impact of Screen Time and Mobile Dependency on Cognition, Socialization and Behaviour among Early Childhood Students during the COVID Pandemic. Perception of the Parents. Digital Education Review. 41, 14-123 https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2022.41.114-123
Wong, C. K., Wong, R. S., Cheung, J. P., Tung, K. T., Yam, J. C., Rich, M., Fu, K.-W., Cheung, P. W., Luo, N., Au, C. H., Zhang, A., Wong, W. H., Fan, J., Lam, C. L., & Ip, P. (2021). Impact of sleep duration, physical activity, and screen time on health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1). 145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01776-y
World Health Organization. (?2019)?. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550536
Xiang, H., Lin, L., Chen, W., Li, C., Liu, X., Li, J., Ren, Y., & Guo, V. Y. (2022). Associations of excessive screen time and early screen exposure with health-related quality of life and behavioral problems among children attending preschools. BMC public health, 22(1), 2440. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14910-2
Xie, G., Deng, Q., Cao, J. et al. (2020). Digital screen time and its effect on preschoolers’ behaviour in China: results from a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-0776-x
Yalç?n, S. S., Tezol, Z., Çaylan, N., Nerg?z, M. E., Y?ld?z, D., Çiçek, E., & Oflu, A. (2021). Evaluation of problematic screen exposure in pre-schoolers using a unique tool called “seven-in-seven screen exposure questionnaire”: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02939-y
(Ashaari et al., 2024)
Ashaari, S. R. A. H., Mayilvahanam, S., Ahmad, D., Saat, R., & Rameli, F. E. (2024). Screen Time and Health Impact among Preschool Children. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(5), 1332–1340.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seenavc at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode