ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Despite the widely acknowledged significance of smallholders within the agricultural sector in Malaysia, a notable gap persists in the ratio of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) to Oil Extraction Rate (OER) between major estate businesses and smallholders' production. This study presents an analysis of the factors which influence the yield of FFB and OER among smallholders in Malaysia. A total of twenty different research articles were analyzed as part of the review with the objective to compile a comprehensive list of results and conclusions. Based on the research outcomes, it has been determined that the main trends covering methods, crop management, site selection, and labor hold significant importance. It has been identified that poor agricultural practice is the primary factor in determining the quantity of FFB and OER that is produced by smallholders. The findings reveal that the research took place mainly in the states of Pahang, Perak, Sabah, and Johor. Hence, it can be inferred that there is a shortage of research related to the evaluation of factors influencing the yield of FFB and OER among smallholders in the regions of Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, and Sarawak. Sarawak exhibits a somewhat lower level of research activity in comparison to the other two states. Related to the subject, it is recommended that further investigation be conducted in other regions, with a specific focus on expanding the oil palm supply chain for Malaysia, with the objective of achieving the targeted 23% rate of OER as outlined in the National Key Economic Area (NKEA).
Abazue, C. M., & Alam, A. S. A. F. (2015). Oil Palm Smallholders and Its Sustainability Practices in Malaysia Er A . C Halima Begum. 6(6), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p482
Abazue, C. M., Choy, E. A., & Lydon, N. (2019). Oil palm smallholders and certification: exploring the knowledge level of independent oil palm smallholders to certification. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 19(1), 1589–1596. https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.190119.193
Abazue, C. M., Er, A. C., Ferdous Alam, A. S. A., & Begum, H. (2015). Oil Palm Smallholders and Its Sustainability Practices in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(6), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p482
Ahmad, A., Osman, H., Raflis, A., Omar, C., Rahman, M. R., & Ishak, S. (2020). Contributions and Challenges of Palm Oil to Smallholders in Malaysia. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(6), 269–273. www.ijstr.org
Ahmad Parveez, G. K., Ahmad Tarmizi, A. H., & Sundram, S. (2021). Oil palm economic performance in malaysia and r&d progress in 2020. June. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2021.0026
Azman, I., Zulhusni, A., Norhidayu, A., Mashani, S., Khairuman, H., Ainul, S., & Balu, N. (2018). Labour Requirements in the Independent Oil Palm Smallholder Sector in Peninsular Malaysia. Oil Palm Industry Economic Journal, 18, 41–49.
Barcelos, E., De Almeida Rios, S., Cunha, R. N. V., Lopes, R., Motoike, S. Y., Babiychuk, E., Skirycz, A., & Kushnir, S. (2015a). Oil palm natural diversity and the potential for yield improvement. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 6, Issue MAR, pp. 1–16). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00190
Barcelos, E., De Almeida Rios, S., Cunha, R. N. V., Lopes, R., Motoike, S. Y., Babiychuk, E., Skirycz, A., & Kushnir, S. (2015b). Oil palm natural diversity and the potential for yield improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6(MAR), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00190
Begum, H., Choy, E. A., Alam, A. S. A. F., Siwar, C., & Ishak, S. (2019). Sustainability of Malaysian oil palm: a critical review. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 18(4), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2019.103467
Chang, L. C., Abdullah Sani, A. R., & Basran, Z. (2003). An Economic Perspective of Oil Extraction Rate in the Oil Palm Industry of Malaysia. Oil Palm Industry Economic Journal, 3(1), 25–31.
Crowley, M. (2020). Foreign Labor Shortages in the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry: Impacts and Recommendations. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 17(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.37801/ajad2020.17.2.1
Etuah, S., Ohene-yankyera, K., Aidoo, R., Haleegoah, J., Wiggins, S., & Henley, G. (2020). Impact of oil palm-related activities on women ’ s empowerment in Ghana. World Development Perspectives, June, 100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100225
Ghani, M. F. S. A., Zahid-Muhamad, M., Aziz, M. F. A., & Syahlan, S. (2019). Systematic Literature Review on Evaluation of Quality Management Practices in Palm Oil Supply Chain: The Case of Upstream. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 327(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/327/1/012001
Hasnida, A. W., Shahrina, M. N., & Lai, F. W. (2014). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Impact of Marketing Communication Strategies on Consumers ’ Acceptance and Brand Equity in Malaysian Fertilizer Industry. 8(April), 157–162.
Hazir, M. H. M., Shariff, A. R. M., Amiruddin, M. D., Ramli, A. R., & Iqbal Saripan, M. (2012). Oil palm bunch ripeness classification using fluorescence technique. Journal of Food Engineering, 113(4), 534–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.07.008
Ishak, S. M., Palm, M., & Board, O. (2020). Influence of Knowledge , Attitude and Skill on Good Agriculture Practices of Seedling Assistance Scheme Participant toward Oil Palm Production in Sabah and Sarawak. March.
Ismail, A., Mohd, S. A., & Mohd, M. N. (2003). The production cost of oil palm fresh fruit bunches: The Case of Independent Smallholders in Johor. Oil Palm Industry Economic J, 3(1), 1–7.
Jalani, B., Basiron, Y., & Darus, a. (2002). Prospects of elevating national oil palm productivity: a Malaysian perspective. Oil Palm Industry …, 1–9. http://chgs.com.my/download/Oil Palm Industry Economic Journal/vol2 no2/Prospects of Elevating National Oil Palm Productivity- a Malaysian Perspective.pdf
Jean, A., Folefack, J., Gaelle, M., Njiki, N., & Darr, D. (2019). Forest Policy and Economics Safeguarding forests from smallholder oil palm expansion by more intensive production?? The case of Ngwei forest ( Cameroon ). Forest Policy and Economics, 101(September 2018), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.01.016
Khatun, R., Reza, M. I. H., Moniruzzaman, M., & Yaakob, Z. (2017). Sustainable oil palm industry: The possibilities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(August 2016), 608–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.077
Kushairi, A. (2017). THE OIL PALM INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA?: THRIVING WITH TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES. Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 29, 29(December), 431–439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2017.00017
Lazim, R. M., Nawi, N. M., Masroon, M. H., & Abdullah, N. (2020a). Adoption of IR4 . 0 in Agricultural Sector in Malaysia?: Potential and Challenges. ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL, 1(2), 1–14.
Lazim, R. M., Nawi, N. M., Masroon, M. H., & Abdullah, N. (2020b). Adoption of IR4 . 0 in Agricultural Sector in Malaysia?: Potential and Challenges. ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL, 1(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000140
Mior, S. N. M., Leman, A. M., Baharudin, M. R., Masripan, R., Faazir, M. T., & Ifwat, M. (2016). A Preliminary Study of Knowledge , Attitude and Practices of Pesticide Use Among Oil Palm Workers in Johor. 01055, 1–7.
Shaffril, H. A., Samah, A. A., Samsuddin, S. F., & Ali, Z. (2019). Mirror-mirror on the wall, what climate change adaptation strategies are practiced by the Asian’s fishermen of all? Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.262
Ishak, S., Aman, Z., & Mat Taib, H. (2020). an Evaluation on Outcome of Oil Palm Replanting Scheme (Tsspk) and New Planting Scheme (Tbspk). International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 3(14), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijmtss.3140011
Murphy, D. J. (2009). Oil palm?: future prospects for yield and quality improvements. 21(11), 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.200900067
Murphy, D. J. (2014). The future of oil palm as a major global crop: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 26(MAR), 1–24.
Murphy, D. J. (2016). THE FUTURE OF OIL PALM AS A MAJOR GLOBAL CROP?: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES. April.
Musa, M., Abdullah, A. M., Ismail, M. M., & Saari, M. Y. (2021). LABOUR EFFICIENCY IN THE MALAYSIAN OIL PALM PLANTATIONS?: A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS ( DEA ) APPROACH. 2(1), 1–10.
Mustaffa, F. (2020a). THE MALAYSIAN FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP THE MALAYSIAN FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL. October.
Mustaffa, F. (2020b). THE MALAYSIAN FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP THE MALAYSIAN FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL. September.
Nagiah, C., & Azmi, R. (2012). A Review of Smallholder Oil Palm Production: Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Sustainability- A Malaysian Perspective. Journal of Oil Palm and the Environment, 3(November), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.5366/jope.2012.12
Norhajijah, D., Mohiddin, A., & Pebrian, D. El. (2021). Exploring mechanization degree and capacity in Malaysia ’ s oil palm plantations. 23(2), 220–228.
Okoro, S. U., Schickhoff, U., Boehner, J., Schneider, U. A., & Huth, N. I. (2017). Climate impacts on palm oil yields in the Nigerian Niger Delta. European Journal of Agronomy, 85, 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.02.002
Paterson, R. R. M. (2018). Climate change affecting oil palm agronomy , and oil palm cultivation increasing climate change , require amelioration. September 2017, 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3610
Rhebergen, T., Fairhurst, T., Whitbread, A., Giller, K. E., & Zingore, S. (2018). Yield gap analysis and entry points for improving productivity on large oil palm plantations and smallholder farms in Ghana. Agricultural Systems, 165(February), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.05.012
Senawi, R., Rahman, N. K., Mansor, N., & Kuntom, A. (2019). Transformation of oil palm independent smallholders through Malaysian sustainable palm oil. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 31(3), 496–507. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2019.0038
Syazwani, N., Nawi, M., & Nizam, M. (2015). MECHANIZED TOOLS AND TECHNOVATION MACHINERY IN PALM OIL M ECHANIZED TOOLS AND T ECHNOVATION M ACHINERY IN P ALM O IL P LANTATIONS?: U TILIZATION OR R EJECTION?? August 2016.
Tan, S. P., Hashim, K., Mansor, N. H., Kannan, P., Ariffin, A., Arfan Johari, M., Abidin, K., Dahari, N., Desa, H., & Anwar Isnin, K. (2019). Assessment on Knowledge on Fertiliser Management among Independent Smallholders in Malaysia. Oil Palm Industry Economic Journal, 19(2), 1–16.
Verheye, W. (2010). Growth and Production of Oil Palm. Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production, 32. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Zhou, L., Yarra, R., Jin, L., & Cao, H. (2020). Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of MYB gene family in oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq .) under abiotic stress conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 180(August), 104245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104245
Hamidi, N. M., Saili, A. R., & Syahlan, S. (2024). A Systematic Literature Review of Factors Affecting the Yield of Fresh Fruit Bunch and Oil Extraction Rate among Smallholders in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(9), 214–229.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode