The Role of Toxic Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support on Academic Staff’s Psychological Distress

Ahmad, B. A., Tang, N., Van Dick, R., & Mir, U.R. (2019). Authoritarian leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational deviance: Curvilinear relationships. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 583-599.
Appelbaum, S. H., & Roy, G. D. (2007). Toxins in the workplace: affect on organizations and employees. Corporate Governance, 7 (1), 17-28.
Arnold, K. A. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee psychological wellbeing: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22 (3),381–393.
Asgari, S. (2015). The Influence of varied levels of received stress and support on negative emotions and support perceptions. Current Psychology, 35 (3), 386–396.
Asha, B., & Snigdha, R. (2019). Toxic leadership: emotional distress and coping strategy. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 22 (1), 65-78.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
Bekir, E. K. (2020). The palgrave handbook of workplace well-being. Springer.
Bronston, T. M., Treena, G. F., T homas, W. J., Jie, S., & Lin, Y. (2017). The effect of human resource practices on perceived organizational support in the people’s Republic of China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28 (9), 1261-1290.
Brown, M. E., & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions, Leadership Quarterly, 17 (6),595–616.?
Chen, H., & Kao, H.S. (2009). Chinese paternalistic leadership and non-Chinese subordinates’ psychological health. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20 (12), 2533-2546.
Chua, S. M. Y., & Murray, D. W. (2015). How toxic leaders are perceived: gender and information- processing. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36 (3),292-307.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J. (1997). Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In Cooper, C.L., & Robertson, I.T. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology,12, 317-372. Wiley & Sons.
Dobson, K. S., Szeto, A., & Knaak, S. (2019). The working mind: A meta-analysis of a workplace mental health and stigma reduction program. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64 (1),39-47.
Dong, L. I. U., Hui, L., & Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 55 (5), 1187-1212.
Dotlich, D., & Cairo, P. (2003). Why CEOs fail. Jossey Bass.
Ebrahim, Z. B., Mustapa, M. K., Mustakim, N. A., Mokhtar, N., & Sauid, M. K. (2019). The influence of workplace support on job satisfaction among academic staff in five Malaysian public research universities. In Mohamad,N. M., Ahmad, I.M., Hashim, H., Abdullah, B., & Baharum, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016). Springer.
Eisenbeiss, S. A. (2012). Re-thinking ethical leadership: An interdisciplinary, integrative approach. Leadership Quarterly, 23 (5), 791–808.
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 51-59.
Eisenberger, R., & Stinglhamber, F. (2011). Perceived organizational support: fostering, enthusiastic and productive employees. APA Books.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 7 (3), 500-507.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42-51.
Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. (2007). Support from the top: Supervisors' perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (2), 321–330.
Fahie, D. (2019). The lived experience of toxic leadership in Irish higher education. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 13 (3),341-355.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160.
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. Leadership Quarterly, 16 (5),835–862.
Gaetane, C., Florence, S., Stephanie, D., & Matthias, D. (2017). Perceived organizational support and employees’ wellbeing: the mediating role of organizational dehumanization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26 (4),527-540.
George, A. Z., Kelly, Y., & Joseph, P. (2009). Recognizing and overcoming toxic leadership. Journal of Nursing, 3 (5), 1-14.
Goldman, A. (2008). Company on the couch. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17 (3), 226–238.
Goldman, A. (2009). Destructive leaders and dysfunctional organizations: a therapeutic approach. Cambridge University Press.
Green, J. E. (2014). Toxic leadership in educational organizations. Education Leadership Review, 15 (1), 18-33.
Hair, J. F., Marko, S., Christian, M. R., & Jeannette, A. M. (2011). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modelling in marketing research. Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 414–433.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE, Thousand Oaks.
Hong, L., Yang, Z., & Alison, W. (2019). Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 94,21-31.
Hunt S. (1984). The role of leadership in the construction of reality in Kellerman B. (Ed.) leadership: multidisciplinary perspectives. Prentice-Hall.
Jui, C. C., & Yio, Y. (2018). Hotel employee job crafting, burnout, and satisfaction: the moderating role of perceived organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 72,78-85.
Kanliang, W., & Qin, S. (2008). The moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between technostress and role stress. Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Database and Expert System, 8 (2), 420-424.
Katherine, M. K., Ryan, N., Jolene, K., Sarah, R., Murray, B. S., Elliot, M. G., & Jitender, S. (2014). Age, period, and cohort effects in psychological distress in the United States and Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179(10), 1216–1227.
Kelloway, E. K. (2017). Mental health in the workplace: towards evidence-based practice. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58 (1),1–6.
Kilo, R. A., & Hassmen, P. (2016). Burnout and turnover intentions in Australian coaches as related to organizational support and perceived control. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11 (2),151–161.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43 (6), 1854–1884.
Li, X., Qian, J., & Han, Z. R. (2016). Coping with abusive supervision: the neutralizing effects of perceived organizational support and political skill on employees’ burnout. Current Psychology, 35 (1), 77-82.
Lipman-Blumen, J. (2010). Toxic leadership: A conceptual framework. In Bournois, F., Duval-Hamel, J., Roussillon, S., & Scaringella, JL. (Eds.), Handbook of Top Management Teams (pp. 2-28). Palgrave Macmillan.
Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why we follow destructive bosses and corrupt politicians—and how we can survive them. Oxford University Press.
Loraleigh, K., & Karen, J. (2011). North American perspectives on hostile behaviors and bullying at work. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C., Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace (pp. 32-62). Taylor & Francis Group.
Lubit, R. (2004). The tyranny of toxic managers: Applying emotional intelligence to deal with difficult personalities. Ivey Business Journal Online, 68 (4),1-8.
Mahlangu, V. P. (2014). The effects of toxic leadership on teaching and learning in South African township schools. Journal of Social Sciences, 38 (3), 313–320.
Mahoney, K. T., Buboltz, W. C., Jr., & Igou, F. (2009). The second act of the leadership quarterly: A content analysis of volumes 11-19. Louisiana Tech University.
Marianne, F. G. (1992). Sampling in a suitcase: multistage cluster sampling made easy. Gifts: 20 Great Ideas for Teaching Sociology, 20 (4), 285-287.
Mindy, K. S., Simon, L., Restubog, D., Robert, E., & Thomas J. Z. (2013). Blaming the organization for abusive supervision: the roles of perceived organizational support and supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98 (1),158–168.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2002). Selecting outcomes for the sociology of mental health: Issues of measurement and dimensionality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43,152-170.
Mitchell, K., & Elizabeth, H. (2009). Toxic workplace! managing toxic personalities and their systems of power. John Wiley & Sons.
Nada, E., & Ruth, M. (2020). Workplace issues in the context of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World: Mental health problems, cannabis and the division of labour. Transnational Corporations Review, 12 (2),106-125.
Natesha, S., & Imani, F. (2019). Conflict in the workplace: a 10-year review of toxic leadership in higher education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 15 (1), 106-115.
Ozlem, O., Ugurluoglu, O., Kahraman, G. A., & Keziban. (2017). A study on toxic leadership perceptions of healthcare workers. Global Business and Management Research, 9(1), 12-23.
Pahlevan, S., Ahadzadeh, S., Sharif, A.S., & Nia, H. (2018). Mediating role of psychological wellbeing in the relationship between organizational support and nurses’ outcomes: A cross?sectional study. Journal Advanced of Nursing, 74, 887– 899.
Pelletier, K. L. (2010). Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behaviour and rhetoric. Leadership, 6 (4),373–389.
Rafferty, A. E., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2011). The influence of abusive supervisors on followers' organizational citizenship behaviours: the hidden costs of abusive supervision. British Journal of Management, 22 (2),270-285.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 698-714.
Richman, J. A., Flaherty, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., & Christensen, M. (1992). Mental health consequences and correlates of medical student abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association, 26 (5), 692-694.
Robaee, N., Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, F., Ashktorab, T., Baghestani, A., & Barkhordari, M. (2018). Perceived organizational support and moral distress among nurses. BMC Nursing, 17 (2),1-7.
Rose, S. M., & Mechanic, M. B. (2002). Psychological distress, crime features, and help-seeking behaviors related to homophobic bias incidents. American Behavioral Scientist, 46 (1), 14-26.
Rubenstein, A. L., Eberly, M. B., Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (2018). Surveying the forest: A meta?analysis, moderator investigation, and future?oriented discussion of the antecedents of voluntary employee turnover. Personnel Psychology, 71, 23– 65.
Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24 (1),138–158.
Seymour, K. E., & Miller, L. (2017). ADHD and depression: The role of poor frustration tolerance. Current Developmental Disorder Reports, 4, 4–18.
Shore, L. M., & Shore, T. H. (1995). Perceived organizational support and organizational justice. In Cropanzano, R., & Kacmar, K. (Eds.), Organizational Politics, Justice, and Support (pp.149–164). Quorum.
Shore, L. M., & Wayne, S. J. (1993). Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective organizational commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 774-780.
Smith, N., & Fredricks, L. I. (2019). Conflict in the workplace: a 10-year review of toxic leadership in higher education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1–14.
Straub, D. (1989). Validating instruments in MIS research. MIS Quarterly, 13 (2), 147-169.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43,178 –190.
Tepper, B. J., & Henle, C. A. (2011). A case of recognizing distinctions among constructs that capture interpersonal mistreatment in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 487-498.
Terry, A. B., Chris, S., Alla, S., Alice, P., Karen, W., Ana, M. L., & Pavani, C. (2020). Randomized controlled trial of supportive care interventions to manage psychological distress and symptoms in Latinas with breast cancer and their informal caregivers. Psychology & Health, 35 (1), 87-106.
Thoroughgood, C. N., Padilla, A., Samuel, T. H., & Brian, T. W. (2012). The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 23 (5), 897-917.
Vickers, M. H. (2006). Towards employee wellness: Rethinking bullying paradoxes and masks. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 18 (4),267-281.
Webster, V., Brough, P., & Daly, K. (2016). Fight, flight or freeze: Common responses for follower coping with toxic leadership. Stress Health, 32, 346– 354.
Whicker, M. L. (1996), Toxic Leaders: When organizations go bad. Doubleday.
Wu, T. Y., & Hu, C. (2009). Abusive supervision and employee emotional exhaustion: dispositional antecedents and boundaries. Group & Organization Management, 34 (2), 143-169.
Zafir, M. M., & Hizam, S. M. S. K. (2013). Stress among Malaysian academic: A conceptual study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2 (1), 196-211.
Zikmund, W. G. (2003), Business Research Methods (7th ed.). Thomson.

In-Text Citation: (Omar & Ahmad, 2020)
To Cite this Article: Omar, A. T., & Ahmad, U. N. U. (2020). The Role of Toxic Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support on Academic Staff’s Psychological Distress. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(12), 958–980.

Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode