Critical Competency Attributes of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Postgraduate Students in Online Learning Environment

Acosta, J. L. B., Navarro, S. M. B., Gesa, R. F., & Kinshuk, K. (2019). Framework for designing motivational augmented reality applications in vocational education and training. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(3).
Berry, D., & Broadbent, D. (1988). Interactive tasks and the implicit?explicit distinction. The British Journal of Psychology, 79(2), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02286.x
Bilsland, C., Nagy, H., & Smith, P. (2020). Virtual internships and work-integrated learning in hospitality and tourism in a post-COVID-19 world. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, 21(4), 425-437.
Boyatzis, R. (1982). The competent manager?: a model for effective performance . Wiley.
Brolpito, A. (2018). Digital Skills and Competence, and Digital and Online Learning. European Training Foundation.
Carlson, R., Sullivan, M., & Schneider, W. (1989). Practice and working memory effects in building procedural skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(3), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.15.3.517
Carlson, R., & Yaure, R. (1990). Practice schedules and the use of component skills in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(3), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.16.3.484
Chase, W. G., & Ericsson, K. A. (1982). Skill and working memory. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 16, pp. 1-58). Academic Press
Collin, A. (1997). Learning and development. Humana Resource Management: a contemporary perspective London, Pitman.
Creswell, J., & Creswell, J. (2018). Research design?: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Fifth edition.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Daniel, J. (1999). Open learning and/or distance education: which one, for what purpose. Higher education through open and distance learning, 292-298.
Day, T., Raven, M., & Newman, M. (1998). The Effects Of World Wide Web Instruction And Traditional Instruction And Learning Styles On Achievement And Change In Student Attitudes In A Technical Writing In An Agricommunication Course. Journal of Agricultural Education, 39(4), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.1998.04065
Dewi, K. C., Ciptayani, P. I., & Surjono, H. D. (2018). Critical success factor for implementing vocational blended learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 953, No. 1, p. 012086). IOP Publishing.
Dewi, K. C., Ciptayani, P. I., & Surjono, H. D. (2018). Modeling Vocational Blended Learning Based on Digital Learning Now Framework. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 17(2), 89-96.
Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5-22.
Dlamini, P. I. (2015). The role of Majuba Technical and Vocational Education and Training College programmes in addressing industrial skills shortages in Newcastle and Amajuba District (Doctoral dissertation).
Freeman, M. (1995). Peer Assessment by Groups of Group Work. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 20(3), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293950200305
Fuchs, M. (2016). Worldwide knowledge??: global firms, local labour and the region . Routledge.
Grdic, T., Celhasic, D., & Özer, L. (2008). The traditional vs. the online market?: A study of consumer behaviour and consumer preferences in the purchase of high-involvement products (Dissertation). Retrieved from
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-115
Hashim, S., Utami, P., Rahman, M. H. A., Jumaat, N. F., & Phon, D. N. E. (2019). Knowledge Construction Process in an Open Learning System Among Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Practitioners. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11(1).
James, W. B., & Gardner, D. L. (1995). Learning styles: Implications for distance learning. New directions for adult and continuing education, 1995(67), 19-31.
Keller, J. M. (1979). Motivation and Instructional Design: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Instructional Development, 2(4), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904345
Kelman, H. C. (1974). Attitudes are alive and well and gainfully employed in the sphere of action. American psychologist, 29(5), 310.
Klieme, E. (2004). Assessment of cross-curricular problem-solving competencies. Comparing learning outcomes. International assessments and education policy, 81-107.
Kock, H., & Ellström, P. (2011). Formal and integrated strategies for competence development in SMEs. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591111095745
Kotler, P. (2005). The Role Played by the Broadening of Marketing Movement in the History of Marketing Thought. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 24(1), 114–116. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.24.1.114.63903
Ladipo, M. K., Akhuemonkhan, I. A., & Raimi, L. (2013). Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) As a Mechanism for Sustainable Development in Nigeria (SD): Potentials, Challenges and Policy Prescriptions. TVET for Sustainable Development in Africa” Held in Banjul, The Gambia from 2 nd To 8 th June 2013 at The Paradise Suits Hotel, 12.
Lavery, J. (1962). Retention of simple motor skills as a function of type of knowledge of results. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 16(4), 300–311.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0083257
Lintern, G., & Gopher, D. (1978). Adaptive training of perceptual-motor skills: issues, results, and future directions. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 10(5), 521–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(78)80018-2
Logie, R. H. (1989). Characteristics of visual short-term memory. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1(4), 275-284.
Mathur, S. R., Kavale, K. A., Quinn, M. M., Forness, S. R., & Rutherford, R. B. (1998). Social Skills Interventions with Students with Emotional and Behavioral Problems: A Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Research. Behavioral Disorders, 23(3), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874299802300306
Mayeshiba, M., Jansen, K. R., & Mihlbauer, L. (2018). An evaluation of critical thinking in competency-based and traditional online learning environments. Online Learning, 22(2), 77-89. doi: 10.24059/olj.v22i2.1365
McKeithen, K., Reitman, J., Rueter, H., & Hirtle, S. (1981). Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers. Cognitive Psychology, 13(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(81)90012-8
Oxford, R., Park-Oh, Y., Ito, S., & Sumrall, M. (1993). Learning a language by satellite television: what influences student achievement? System (Linköping), 21(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(93)90005-2
Omar, M. K., Zahar, F. N., & Rashid, A. M. (2020). Knowledge, skills, and attitudes as predictors in determining teachers' competency in Malaysian TVET institutions. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(3C), 95-104.
Oncu, S., & Cakir, H. (2011). Research in online learning environments: Priorities and methodologies. Computer & Education, 57(1), 1098-1108
Panigrahi, R., Srivastava, P. R., & Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: Adoption, continuance, and learning outcome—A review of literature. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 1-14.
Patmanthara, S., & Hidayat, W. N. (2018, June). Improving vocational high school students digital literacy skill through blended learning model. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1028, No. 1, p. 012076). IOP Publishing.
Rabiman, R., Nurtanto, M., & Kholifah, N. (2020). Design and Development E-Learning System by Learning Management System (LMS) in Vocational Education. Online Submission, 9(1), 1059-1063.
Roberts, T. G., & Dyer, J. E. (2005). The relationship of self-efficacy, motivation, and critical thinking disposition to achievement and attitudes when an illustrated web lecture is used in an online learning environment. Journal of Agricultural Education, 46(2), 12-23.
Robotham, D., & Jubb, R. (1996). Competences: measuring the unmeasurable. Management Development Review, 9(5), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/09622519610131545
Roddy, C., Amiet, D. L., Chung, J., Holt, C., Shaw, L., McKenzie, S., ... & Mundy, M. E. (2017, November). Applying best practice online learning, teaching, and support to intensive online environments: an integrative review. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 2, p. 59). Frontiers.
Salthouse, T. (1986). Effects of practice on a typing-like keying task. Acta Psychologica, 62(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(86)90068-5
Schunk, D. (2000). Coming to Terms with Motivation Constructs. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 116–119. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1018
Shen, D., Cho, M. H., Tsai, C. L., & Marra, R. (2013). Unpacking online learning experiences: Online learning self-efficacy and learning satisfaction. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 10-17.
UNESCO-UNEVOC. (2021). New qualifications and competencies for future-oriented TVET. Retrieved January 28th, 2022 from
https://unevoc.unesco.org/pub/new_qualifications_and_competencies_for_future-oriented_tvet_-_vol_1_.pdf
Welford, A. T. (1968). Fundamentals of skill. London: Methuen
Welford, A. (1976). Skilled performance?: perceptual and motor skills . Scott, Foresman.
Yonghak, L. (2009). Competencies needed by Korean HRD master’s graduates: A comparison between the ASTD WLP competency model and the Korean study. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20(1), 107–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20010
Zhang, Y., & Lin, C. H. (2020). Student interaction and the role of the teacher in a state virtual high school: what predicts online learning satisfaction?. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(1), 57-71.

In-Text Citation: (Omar et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Omar, M. K., Jie, D. M., Puad, M. H. M., & Ismail, N. (2022). Critical Competency Attributes of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Postgraduate Students in Online Learning Environment. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 11(1), 428–447.

Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode