Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2226-6348

Tech Takeover? Examining Technology Acceptance Among Malaysian SJKC ESL Teachers at Kota Tinggi District After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Teo Woon Chun, Mastura Musa, Ramesh Sathappan, Melor Md Yunus

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i1/19854

Open access

The COVID-19 pandemic forced a rapid shift towards technology adoption in education worldwide, prompting educators to adapt and ensure learning continuity. As most countries return to normalcy, understanding teachers' evolving technology acceptance levels becomes crucial, especially in the context of emergency remote teaching experiences. This study investigated the technology acceptance and behavioural intentions of English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers in Chinese national-type primary schools at Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia. 30 ESL teachers participated in this cross-sectional survey, in which they answered an online survey questionnaire which was devised with the reference of past studies. Descriptive, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the gathered data. The findings depicted that they hold a high level of technology acceptance level (?=4.20) after the pandemic. Also, their behavioural intention are positively correlated with the factors of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions. Nevertheless, their behavioural intention had a significant relationship with only two factors, namely performance expectancy (r=.907) and social influence (r=.906). Performance expectancy was identified as the most significant factor that influenced their behavioural intention towards technology use after COVID-19 pandemic [?=0.439, t(29)=2.965, p<0.05]. This study shed light on the patterns of behaviour that ESL teachers in Kota Tinggi intend to use when integrating technology in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. Addressing these factors through training programmes and supportive school environments will enable technology to continue playing a meaningful role in enhancing ESL education, thereby fulfilling the aspirations of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Abdullah, M. S., and Toycan, M. (2018). Analysis of the factors for the successful e-learning services adoption from education providers’ and students’ perspectives: A case study of private universities in Northern Iraq. EURASIA J. Math. Sci. Tech. Ed. 14:3, 1097-1109. doi: 10.12973/ejmste/81554
Aina, J. K., and Opeyemi, A. A. (2020). Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on the teaching and learning of Science in the Nigerian higher education. Int. J. Res. Sci. Innov. Soc. Sci. 4:6, 334-337.
Akar, S. G. M. (2019). Does it matter being innovative: Teachers' technology acceptance. Educ. Inf. Technol. 24, 3415-3432. doi: 10.1007/s10639-019-09933-z
Al-Anezi, Y. H., and Alajmi, S. M. (2021). Factors that influence English teachers’ acceptance and use of e-learning technologies. Int. Educ. Stud. 14:9, 15-27. doi: 10.5539/ies.v14n9p15
Al-zboon, H. S., Gasaymeh, A. M., and Al-Rsa’i. (2021). The attitudes of Science and Mathematics teachers toward the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in their educational practice: The application of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). World J. Educ. 11:1, 75-85. doi: 10.5430/wje.v11n1p75
Alshammari, S. H., and Rosli, M. S. (2020). A review of technology acceptance models and theories. Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal 4:2, 12-22.
Amin, M. R. (2019). The role of educational technology in the ESL classroom. Global Journal of Archaeology & Anthropology 11:1. doi: 10.19080/GJAA.2019.11.555801
Asghar, M. Z., Barberà, E., and Younas, I. (2021). Mobile learning technology readiness and acceptance among pre-service teachers in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowledge Management & E-Learning 13:1, 83-101. doi: 10.34105/j.kmel.2021.13.005
Ate?, H., and Garzón, J. (2022). Drivers of teachers’ intentions to use mobile applications to teach science. Educ. Inf. Technol. 27, 2521-2542. doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10671-4
Awa, H., and Ukoha, K. (2020). Studying enterprise systems’ acceptance using integrated unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). J. Sustain. Sci. Manag. 15:5, 98-126. doi: 10.46754/jssm.2020.07.010
Bajaj, P., Khan, A., Tabash, M. I., and Anagreh, S. (2021). Teachers’ intention to continue the use of online teaching tools post Covid-19. Cogent Educ. 8:1. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2021.2002130
Baydas, O., and Yilmaz, R. M. (2018). Pre-service teachers’ intention to adopt mobile learning: A motivational model. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 49:1, 137-152. doi: 10.1111/bjet.12521
Best, J. W., and Kahn, J. V. (2006). Research in Education. 10th edn. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Chan, F. K. Y., Thong, J. Y. L., Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., Hu, P. J. H., and Tam, K. Y. (2010). Modeling citizen satisfaction with mandatory adoption of an E-Government technology. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 11:10, 519-549. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00239
Chao, C.-M. (2019). Factors determining the behavioural intention to use mobile learning: An application and extension of the UTAUT model. Front. Psychol. 10:1652. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0165
Cheng, Y.-P., Huang, C.-H., and Hsu, L. C. (2022). Research trends in educational technology: A review of studies published in five social science citation indexed journals from 2010 to 2019. Int. J. Technol. Hum. Interact. 18, 1-14. doi: 10.4018/IJTHI.293191
Choi, H., Chung, S.-Y., and Ko, J. (2021). Rethinking teacher education policy in ICT: Lessons from Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Korea. Sustainability 13:10. doi: 10.3390/su13105480
Chun, T.W., and Yunus, M.M. (2023) Factors affecting Malaysian ESL teachers' behavioural intentions for technology use in the post-COVID-19 era. Front. Psychol. 14:1127272. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1127272
Costley, K. C. (2014). The positive effects of technology on teaching and student learning. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED554557 [Accessed November 18, 2023].
Dindar, M., Suorsa, A., Hermes, J., Karppinen, P., and Näykki, P. (2021). Comparing technology acceptance of K-12 teachers with and without prior experience of learning management systems: A Covid-19 pandemic study. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 37:6, 1553-1565. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12552
Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Jeyaraj, A., Clement, M., and Williams, M. D. (2019). Re-examining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model. Inf. Syst. Front. 21: 719-734. doi: 10.1007/s10796-017-9774-y
Gurer, M. D. (2021). Examining technology acceptance of pre?service mathematics teachers in Turkey: A structural equation modeling approach. Educ. Inf. Technol. 26, 4709–4729. doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10493-4
Haug, N., Geyrhofer, G., Londei, A., Dervic, E., Desvars-Larrive, A., Loreto, V., Pinior, B., Thurner, S., and Klimek, P. (2020). Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4, 1303-1312. doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-01009-0
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., and Smaldino, S. E. (2012). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. 10th edn. New Jersey: Merill Prentice Hall.
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., and Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning [Accessed April 22, 2023].
Hu, K., and AlSaqqaf, A. (2021). Investigating Malaysian teachers' technology acceptance towards integrating e-learning into English teaching. Journal of English Language Teaching Innovations and Materials 3:2, 87-98. doi: 10.26418/jeltim.v3i2.46798
Huang, F., Teo, T., and Guo, J. (2021). Understanding English teachers’ non-volitional use of online teaching: A Chinese study. System 101: 102574. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2021.102574
Jalil, H. A., Rajakumar, M., and Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2022). Teachers' acceptance of technologies for 4IR adoption: Implementation of the UTAUT model. Int. J. Learn. Teach. 21:1, 18-32. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.21.1.2
Khlaif, Z. N., Sanmugam, M., and Ayyoub, A. (2022). Impact of technostress on continuance intentions to use mobile technology. Asia-Pacific Edu Res. doi: 10.1007/s40299-021-00638-x
Kim, J., and Lee, K. S.-S. (2020). Conceptual model to predict Filipino teachers’ adoption of ICT-based instruction in class: using the UTAUT model. Asia Pacific J. Educ. doi: 10.1080/02188791.2020.1776213
Kwok, D., and Yang, S. (2017). Evaluating the intention to use ICT collaborative tools in a social constructivist environment. Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ. 14. doi:10.1186/s41239-017-0070-1
Li, B. (2022). Ready for online? Exploring EFL teachers’ ICT acceptance and ICT literacy during COVID-19 in Mainland China. J. Educ. Comput. 60:1, 196-219. doi: 10.1177/07356331211028934
Luik, P., and Taimalu, M. (2021). Predicting the intention to use technology in education among student teachers: A path analysis. Educ. Sci. 11. doi: 10.3390/educsci11090564
Menabò, L., Sansavini, A., Brighi, A., Skrzypiec, G., and Guarini, A. (2021). Promoting the integration of technology in teaching: An analysis of the factors that increase the intention to use technologies among Italian teachers. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 37(6): 1566-1577. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12554
Ministry of Education Malaysia (MoE). (2021). Manual Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di Rumah Versi 2. Putrajaya: MoE.
Mohammad-Salehi, B., Vaez-Dalili, M., and Tabrizi, H. H. (2021). Investigating factors that influence EFL teachers’ adoption of Web 2.0 technologies: Evidence from applying the UTAUT and TPACK. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language 25:1, 1-21.
Momani, A. M. (2020). The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: A new approach in technology acceptance. Int. J. Sociotechnology Knowl. Dev. 12:3, 79-98. doi: 10.4018/IJSKD.2020070105
Mohtar, M., and Yunus, M. M. (2022). A systematic review of online learning during COVID 19: Students’ motivation, task engagement and acceptance. Arab World Engl. J., 202-215. doi: 10.24093/awej/covid2.13
Mukminin, A., Muhaimin, M., Prasojo, L. D., Khaeruddin, K., Habibi, A., Marzulina, L., and Harto, K. (2022). Analyzing social media use in TEFL via the technology acceptance model in Indonesian higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teach. Engl. Technol. 22:1, 3-22.
Ng, M., and Yunus, M. M. (2021). Perceptions and challenges to ICT use in ESL lessons among Malaysian primary teachers. Creat. Educ. 12:7, 1532-1557. doi: 10.4236/ce.2021.127117
Omar, N., and Hashim, H. (2021). A survey on the acceptance of e-learning for professional development amongst English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers in Malaysia. Creat. Educ. 12:5, 1027-1039. doi: 10.4236/ce.2021.125075
Orcan, F. (2020). Parametric or non-parametric: Skewness to test normality for mean comparison. Int. J. Assess. Tool. Educ. 7:2, 255-265. doi: 10.21449/ijate.656077
Rafiq, K. R. M., Yunus, M. M., and Susiati. (2022). Re-envisioning technological pedagogical content knowledge and online teaching readiness of English for foreign language pre-service teachers in language teacher education. Front. Psychol. 13:927835. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927835
Rahman, S. F. A., Yunus, M. M., and Hashim, H. (2021). Applying UTAUT in predicting ESL lecturers intention to use flipped learning. Sustainability 13:15. doi: 10.3390/su13158571
Ramllah, and Nurkhin, A. (2020). Analysis of factors affecting behavioural intention to use e-learning uses the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology approach. KnE Social Sciences 4:6, 1005-1025. doi: 10.18502/kss.v4i6.6658
Rashid, A. H. A., Shukor, N. A., Tasir, Z., and Kew, S. N. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions and readiness toward the implementation of virtual learning environment. Int. J. Eval. Res. Educ. 10:1, 209-214. doi: 10.11591/ijere.v10i1.21014
Roca, J. C., and Gagné, M. (2008). Understanding e-learning continuance intention in the workplace: A self-determination theory perspective. Comput. Hum. Behav. 24: 1585-1604. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2007.06.001
Saidu, M. K., and Mamun, M. A. A. (2022). Exploring the factors affecting behavioural intention to use Google Classroom: University teachers’ perspectives in Bangladesh and Nigeria. TechTrends 66, 681-696. doi: 10.1007/s11528-022-00704-1
Samaradiwakara, G. D. M. N., and Gunawardena, C. G. (2014). Comparison of existing technology acceptance theories and models to suggest a well-improved theory/model. Int. Tech. Sci. J. 1:1, 21-36.
Sari, E. N. A., Azkiyah, S. N., and Sumintono, B. (2021). English as a foreign language (EFL) student teachers’ readiness to deal with online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education in Muslim Society 8:2, 135-154. doi: 10.15408/tjems.v8i2.23324
Sekaran, U., and Bougie, J. R. G. (2017). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 7th edn. Chichester: Wiley.
Sharma, S., and Saini, J. R. (2022). On the role of teachers’ acceptance, continuance intention and self-efficacy in the use of digital technologies in teaching practices. J. Furth. High. Educ. 46:6, 721-736. doi: 10.1080/0309877X.2021.1998395
Siang, E. W. W., and Mohamad, M. (2022). Factors affecting the behaviour in integrating Google Meet among Malaysian primary ESL teachers during Covid-19 pandemic. Theory Pract. Lang. Stud. 12:3, 565-576. doi: 10.17507/tpls.1203.17
Stoši?, L. (2015). The importance of educational technology in teaching. Int. J. Cogn. Res. Sci. Eng. Educ 3:1, 111-114. doi: 10.23947/2334-8496-2015-3-1-111-114
Sung, A., Leong, K., and Cunningham, S. (2020). Emerging technologies in education for sustainable development. In Leal, F. W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., and Wall, T. (ed.). Partnerships for the Goals. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, pp. 1-13. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71067-9_61-1
Teoh, P. Y. (2022). Rotational system scrapped for primary schools starting April 17. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/04/787149/rotational-system-scrapped-primary-schools-starting-april-17 [Accessed November 13, 2023].
Thompson, R., Higgins, C., and Howell, J. (1991). Personal computing: Toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS Quarterly 15:1, 124-143. doi: 10.2307/249443
Ting, Y. Y., and Aziz, A. A. (2021). TESL teachers’ online teaching during COVID-19: Preferences of online tools and factors affecting behavioural intention. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 6:4, 161-177. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i4.739
Udosen, I. N., and Adie, P. I. (2019). Google classroom for distance learner by National Teachers’ Institute: A case study of Calabar study centre. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol. Res. 7:1, 45-55.
Utami, I. Q., Fahmiyah, I., Ningrum, R. A., Fakhruzzaman, M. N., Pratama, A. I., and Triangga, Y. M. (2022). Teacher’s acceptance toward cloud?based learning technology in Covid?19 pandemic era. J. Comput. Educ. 9, 571-586. doi: 10.1007/s40692-021-00214-8
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., and Xu, X. (2016). Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: A synthesis and the road ahead. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 17(5), 328-376. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00428
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., and Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly 27: 425–478. doi: 10.2307/30036540
Wahab, S. A., Rose, R. C., and Osman, S. I. W. (2012). Defining the concepts of technology and technology transfer: A literature analysis. Int. Bus. Res. 5:1, 61-71. doi: 10.5539/ibr.v5n1p61
Warner, C. K., Bell, C. V., and Odom, A. L. (2018). Defining technology for learning: Cognitive and physical tools of inquiry. Middle Grades Review 4:1.
White, K. M., Jimmieson, N. L., Obst, P. L., Graves, N., Barnett, A., Cockshaw, W., Gee, P., Haneman, L., Page, K. Campbell, M., Martin, E., and Paterson, D. (2015). Using a theory of planned behaviour framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the ‘5 critical moments’ among Australian hospital-based nurses. BMC Health Serv Res. 15:59. doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-0718-2
Williams, M. D., Rana, N. P., and Dwivedi, Y. K. (2015). The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): A literature review. J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. 28:3, 443-488. doi: 10.1108/JEIM-09-2014-0088
Wen, K. Y. K., and Tan, K. H. (2020). ESL teachers’ intention in adopting online educational technologies during COVID-19 pandemic. J. Educ. e-Learn. Res. 7:4, 387-394. doi:10.20448/journal.509.2020.74.387.394
Yaccob, N. S., Yunus, M. M., Hashim, H. (2022). The Integration of global competence into Malaysian English as a second language lessons for quality education (Fourth United Nations sustainable development goal). Front. Psychol. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848417
Yunus, M. M., Ang, W. S., and Hashim, H. (2021). Factors affecting teaching English as a second language (TESL) postgraduate students’ behavioural intention for online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13. doi: 10.3390/su13063524

(Chun et al., 2024)
Chun, T. W., Musa, M., Sathappan, R., & Yunus, M. M. (2024). Tech Takeover? Examining Technology Acceptance Among Malaysian SJKC ESL Teachers at Kota Tinggi District After the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(1), 17-31.