Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2225-8329

Indirect Relationship of Corporate Image, Organizational Culture, Employee Loyalty, and Business Performance among Private Business Organization: Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Zahir Osman, Bibi Nabi Ahmad Khan, Rose Ruziana Samad, Noral Hidayah Alwi

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v12-i3/14539

Open access

This study is very important for business organizations to formulate and plan strategies to ensure the ability to maintain sustainable business performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the direct relationship between organizational culture and corporate image with business performance, as well as the direct relationship between organizational culture and corporate image with employee loyalty. This study also evaluates the effect of mediating employee loyalty on the relationship between organizational culture and business performance as well as the effect of mediating employee loyalty on the relationship between corporate image and business performance. This study uses a quantitative approach by using primary data for analysis. Adopted and adapted survey questionnaires from previous studies were used to collect data. A total of 329 clean data were used in data analysis using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques. This study used Smartpls3 software to analyze multivariate data and proposed hypotheses. Furthermore, by using Smartpls3, model measurement and structural model assessment procedures were also carried out. Evaluation of construct validity and reliability was performed to confirm the presence of convergent validity and reliability. Subsequently, the discriminant validity was assessed through cross-loadings and Hetrotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratios., Then the structural model assessment was assessed, and from the hypotheses testing results, it was found that both organizational culture and corporate image have a positive and significant relationship with business performance and employee loyalty. Mediating effect analysis revealed that employee loyalty significantly mediated the relationships between organization culture and corporate image with business performance. The findings showed that organizational culture and corporate image were important factors to be considered in strengthening employee loyalty which will eventually lead to better organizational business performance.

Adeniji, A. A., Osibanjo, A. O., Abiodun, J., & Oni-Ojo, E. E. (2015). Corporate Image: A Strategy for Enhancing Customer Loyalty and Profitability. Journal of South African Business Research, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.259483
Al-edenat, M., & Alhawamdeh, N. (2019). The Mediating Effect of Employee’s Loyalty in the Relationship Between Empowerment and Employees’ Performance: A Case from Jordanian SMEs. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarafms/v8-i4/5454
Ali, I., Rehman, K. U., Ali, S. I., Yousaf, J., & Zia, M. (2010). Corporate social responsibility influences, employee commitment and organizational performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4(13), 2796-2801.
Aljayi, Y., Fjer, A., Guennioui, M., & Tamek, A. (2016). Multinational Companies’ Human Resource Management Practices’ and their Organizational Culture Impact on Employees’ Loyalty: Case of Japanese Multinational Company in Morocco. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 204–211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.026
Alwi, N. H., Osman, Z., Ismail, Z., & Khan, B. N. A. (2022). Higher Educations Employees Work From Home Productivity During The Covid-19 Outbreak: The Role Of Motivation As Mediator. Asian Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship and Social Science, 2(02), 17-35. https://doi.org/10.98765/ajmesc.v2i02.60
Arendt, S., & Brettel, M. (2010a). Understanding the influence of corporate social responsibility on corporate identity, image, and firm performance. Management Decision, 48(10), 1469–1492. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011090289
Black, W. A. R. B. B. H. J. F. |. J. |. E. |. C. (2022). Multivariate Data Analysis, 8th edition. CENGAGE INDIA.
Boonpattarakan, A. (2012). Model of Thai Small and Medium Sized Enterprises’ Organizational Capabilities: Review and Verification. Journal of Management Research, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v4i3.1557
Chi, C. G., & Gursoy, D. (2009). Employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and financial performance: An empirical examination. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(2), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.08.003
Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O?Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational Stress: A Review and Critique of Theory, Research, and Applications (Foundations for Organizational Science) (1st ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Costen, W. M., & Salazar, J. (2011). The Impact of Training and Development on Employee Job Satisfaction, Loyalty, and Intent to Stay in the Lodging Industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 10(3), 273–284.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2011.555734
Dawson, M., Abbott, J., & Shoemaker, S. (2011). The Hospitality Culture Scale: A measure organizational culture and personal attributes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.10.002
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2022). Business Tendency Statistic First Quarter.
Al-Slehat, F. Z. A. (2021). Determining the Effect of Banking Service Quality on Customer Loyalty Using Customer Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable: An Applied Study on the Jordanian Commercial Banking Sector. International Business Research, 14(4), 58. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v14n4p58
Ganeshasundaram, R., & Henley, N. (2007). “Decision research” correlates directly with better business performance. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 25(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500710722399
Giberson, T. R., Resick, C. J., Dickson, M. W., Mitchelson, J. K., Randall, K. R., & Clark, M. A. (2009). Leadership and Organizational Culture: Linking CEO Characteristics to Cultural Values. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 123–137.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9109-1
Hair, J., Hult, T. G. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (Third ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: Sage Publication.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Ineson, E. M., Benke, E., & Laszlo, J. (2013). Employee loyalty in Hungarian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.001
Joseph, O. O., & Kibera, F. (2019). Organizational Culture and Performance: Evidence From Microfinance Institutions in Kenya. SAGE Open, 9(1), 215824401983593. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019835934
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
Labianca, G., & Brass, D. J. (2006). Exploring the Social Ledger: Negative Relationships and Negative Asymmetry in Social Networks in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 31(3), 596–614. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.21318920
Larbi-Siaw, O., Xuhua, H., Owusu, E., Owusu-Agyeman, A., Fulgence, B. E., & Frimpong, S. A. (2022). Eco-innovation, sustainable business performance and market turbulence moderation in emerging economies. Technology in Society, 68, 101899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101899
Lee, B. K. (2004). Corporate Image Examined in a Chinese-Based Context: A Study of a Young Educated Public in Hong Kong. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1601_1
Matzler, K., & Renzl, B. (2006). The Relationship between Interpersonal Trust, Employee Satisfaction, and Employee Loyalty. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 17(10), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360600753653
Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jimenez-Jimenez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2016). Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 48(1), 30–41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.009
Osman, Z., Alwi, N. H., Khan, N. A. B., & Samad, R. R. (2022). Antecedents of Perceived Business Performance among Private Business Organizations: A Partial Least Square Approach. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i7/14053
Osman, Z., Mohamad, L., & Mohamad, R. K. (2015). An Empirical Study of Direct
Relationship of Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Bank Image on Customer Loyalty in Malaysian Commercial Banking Industry. American Journal of Economics, 5(2), 168-176. doi: 10.5923/c.economics.201501.20
Osman, Z. (2018). Influence of Self-Efficacy as a Mediator on Time Management and Students’ Performance Relationship in Malaysian Online Distance Learning Institutions (Vol. 2, Issue 3). RMP Publications. https://doi.org/10.26666/rmp.ijbm.2018.3.2
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between
competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 1-6
Rachmawati, M., Sukandi, P., Sofyandi, H., & Saudi, M. H. M. (2020). Effects of Employee Commitment, Organizational Culture, Personality, and Employee Loyalty in Efforts to Change the Mental Management of Field Workers at ADIRA Finance Bandung Employees. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(02), 3460–3467. https://doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i2/pr200665
Rozsa, Z., Belas, J. J., Khan, K. A., & Zvarikova, K. (2021). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ESSENTIAL FACTORS OF PERSONNEL RISK MANAGEMENT IN SMEs. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 23(2), 449–463.
https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2021.23.2.27
Salim, M., & Rodhiah, R. (2021). The Effect of Perceived Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Corporate Image, Customer Experience on Customer Loyalty. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal). https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i1.3844
Sørensen, J. B. (2002). The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firm Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094891
Tulcanaza-Prieto, A. B., Aguilar-Rodriguez, I. E., & Artieda, C. (2021). Organizational Culture and Corporate Performance in the Ecuadorian Environment. Administrative Sciences, 11(4), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11040132
Turkyilmaz, A., Akman, G., Ozkan, C., & Pastuszak, Z. (2011). Empirical study of public sector employee loyalty and satisfaction. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(5), 675–696. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111137250
Umrani, W. A., Shah, S. M. M., Memon, P. A., & Samo, A. H. (2017). Organizational Culture and Business Performance: An Empirical Investigation in the Pakistani Context. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarems/v6-i1/2575
Van den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. (2004). Defining, Measuring, and Comparing Organisational Cultures. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00189.x
World Economic Outlook Update. (2022). Rising Caseloads, A Disrupted Recovery,
and Higher Inflation
Zanabazar, A., & Jigjiddorj, S. (2021). The Mediating Effect of Employee Loyalty on the Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 9(2), 467. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v9i2.530
Zeithaml, V. A., & Bitner, M. J. (2012). Service marketing (international ed.). New York:
McGraw Hill Inc.
Zhao, H., Teng, H., & Wu, Q. (2018). The effect of corporate culture on firm performance: Evidence from China. China Journal of Accounting Research, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2018.01.003

In-Text Citation: (Osman et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Osman, Z., Khan, B. N. A., Samad, R. R., & Alwi, N. H. (2022). Indirect Relationship of Corporate Image, Organizational Culture, Employee Loyalty, and Business Performance among Private Business Organization: Structural Equation Modelling Approach. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences, 12(3), 57–70.