Complex Problem Solving (CPS) skills are essential in the 21st century, as they encompass critical thinking, creativity, and decision-making capabilities. In the context of education in Malaysia, there is a growing need to develop and assess competencies in CPS among students, as these skills are highly valued by employers and are essential for facing complex and dynamic challenges in various fields. However, researchers have not treated CPS in much detail especially in strategy-based framework context. This study discusses the potential of CPS instrument within the educational system, based on the SCORE model—a strategy-based framework. The methodology used for this concept paper is the general analysis of CPS using SCORE model that measured among five elements such as Strengths (S), Challenges (C), Options (O), Responses (R) and Effectiveness (E). By using CPS instruments validated through psychometric methods, this model helps in creating a comprehensive assessment strategy to measure higher-order thinking skills and adaptability in students. The findings of this study highlight the potential and importance of developing reliable and culturally relevant CPS instruments tailored to the Malaysian educational context. The implications of this research are significant for educational policymakers, institutions, and stakeholders, as it provides a strategic holistic framework for improving problem-solving competencies. Future studies are recommended to explore the application of CPS instruments across various domains such as business, crisis management, and leadership, especially in evaluating their effectiveness in different cultural and settings.
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