The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Competencies and Entrepreneurial Success Among Homestay Entrepreneurs in Malaysia

Ahmad, N. H. (2007). A cross cultural study of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial success in SMEs in Australia and Malaysia. University of Adelaide, Australia, (May), 1–323. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n3p236
Ahmad, S. Z., Jabeen, F., & Khan, M. (2014). Entrepreneurs’ choice in business venture: Motivations for choosing home-stay accommodation businesses in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 31–40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.006
Ahmad, N. H., Ramayah, T., Wilson, C., & Kummerow, L. (2010). Is entrepreneurial competency and business success relationship contigent upon business environment?A study of Malaysian SMEs. Is Entrepreneurial Competency and Business Success Relationship Contigent upon Business environment?A Study of Malaysian SMEs, 16(3), 25. http://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954864
Amin, A., & Ibrahim, Y. (2015). Model of Sustainable Community Participation in Homestay Program. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 539–545. http://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s2p539
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A
Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103 (May),
411-423.
Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1997). The Myth of the Generic Manager. California Management Review, 40(1), 92–116. http://doi.org/10.1080/095851900340024
Bernama. (2012). Sabah Tourism Ministry urges villages to join the homestay programmme. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from http://kepkas.sabah.gov.my/2012/03/28/sabah-tourism-ministry-urges-villages-to-join-homestay-programmme/
Bird, B. (1995). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial competency. Advances in Entrepreneurship,firm Emergence and Growth, 2, 51–72.
Brush, C. G., & Vanderwerf, P. A. (1992). A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 157–170.
Buttner, H. E., & Moore, D. P. (1997). Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: Self-reported motivations and correlates with success. Journal of Small Business Management, 35, 34–46. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Chell, E. (2013). Review of skill and the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 19, 6–31. http://doi.org/10.1108/13552551311299233
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
Eklof, J., Podkorytova, O., and Malova, A. (2018) “Linking customer satisfaction
with financial performance: an empirical study of Scandinavian banks”, Total
Quality Management and Business Excellence, pp. 1-19, doi:
10.1080/14783363.2018
Fiet, J. O. (2001). The pedagogical side of entrepreneurship theory. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(2), 101–117. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00042-7
Frey, A., & Ruppert, J. (2013). Structuring and detecting competence. From Diagnostics to Learning Success: Proceedings in Vocational Education and Training, 185–198.
Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18(1):39–50
Genty, K., Idris, K., Wahizat, N., Wahat, A., & Kadir, S. A. (2015). Demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Success: A Conceptual Review. International Journal of Management Sciences, 6(8), 366–374.
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214.
Gupta, S. L., & Gupta, H. (2012). Business Research Methods. New Dehli: McGraw Hills.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data
analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151.
Hall, D. R., Kirkpatrick, I., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Rural tourism and sustainable business. Journal of the Electrochemical Society (Vol. 129). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lzikHgcCxdoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Rural+Tourism+and+Sustainable+Business&ots=oODZ1HMdsO&sig=D9cvQ60wcKWMjj2VGHrSNFxs7W8
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer
on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).
Los Angeles: Sage Publication
Hazzi, O. A., and Maldaon, I. S. (2015), “A pilot study: vital methodological issues”,
Verslas: Teorija irPraktika, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 53-62.
Hussin, R., Yasir, M. S., & Kunjuraman, V. (2014). Potential of Homestay Tourism Based on Seaweed Cultivation from the Views of Seaweed Cultivators in District of Semporna Sabah, East Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences, 12(1005), 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201005
Ismail, Y. (2010). Program homestay dan kesannya ke atas pembangunan komuniti desa di Negeri Selangor, Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia).
Jennings, P., & Beaver, G. (1997). The Performance and Competitive Advantage of Small Firms: A Management Perspective. International Small Business Journal, 15(2), 63–75. http://doi.org/10.1177/0266242697152004
Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010). Initial scale development: sample size for pilot studies. Educational and psychological measurement, 70(3), 394-400.
Pusiran, A. K., & Xiao, H. (2013). Challenges and community development: A case study of homestay in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(5), 1-17.
http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n5p1
Kasim, M. M., Kayat, K., Ramli, R., & Ramli, R. (2016). Sustainability Criteria for the Malaysia Homestay Programme. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6, 1–7.
Kayat, K. (2009). Community based tourism in developing countries. In International Seminar on Community Based Tourism, Shah Alam, Malaysia, 4–5.
Kayat, K., Farrah, N., Zainuddin, A., Ramli, R., & Mat, M. (2016). Conceptualizing the Role of Leadership, Community Support , and Entrepreneurship Skill in the Performance of Community- Based Rural Homestay ( CBRH ) Programme in Malaysia.
Kiggundu, M. N. (2002). Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Africa: What is know and what needs to done. Journal of Development Entrepreneurships, 7(3).
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Kumar, M., Talib, S. A., & Ramayah, T. (2013). Business Research Methods. Oxford Fajar/Oxford University Press.
Kyndt, E., & Baert, H. (2015). Entrepreneurial competencies: Assessment and predictive value for entrepreneurship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.002
Lahti, R. K. (1999). Identifying and Integrating Individual Level and Organizational Level Core Competencies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(1), 59–75. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022906400927
Lerner, M., & Almor, T. (2002). Relationships among strategic capabilities and the performance of women-owned small ventures. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00044
Man, T. W., Lau, T., & Chan, K. (2002). The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(2), 123–142. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00058-6
Man, T. W. Y., & Lau, T. (2005). The context of entrepreneurship in Hong Kong. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 464–481. http://doi.org/10.1108/14626000510628162
Markman, G. D., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Person-entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 281–301. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00018-4
McLarty, R., & Dousios, D. (2006). Dynamics and patterns of skills within small and medium-sized enterprises. Strategic Change, 15(4), 175–186. http://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.755
Ministry of Tourism & Culture Malaysia. (2016). Malaysian Homestay Programme. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from http://www.motac.gov.my/en/faqs/141-malaysian-homestay-programme
Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture. (2020). Malaysia Homestay statistic (MOTAC).
Retrieved 9 January 2020, from
http://www.motac.gov.my/en/programme/tourism/homestay-kampungstay
Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 125–142. http://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298448
Morales, C., & Marquina, P. S. (2013). Entrepreneurial Skills, Significant Differences between Serbian and German Entrepreneurs, 6(1).
Mohamad, M. M., Sulaiman, N. L., Sern, L. C., & Salleh, K. M. (2015). Measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204, 164-171.
Naman, J. L., & Slevin, D. P. (1993). Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests, 14(October 1992), 137–153.
Neuman, W. L. (2003), “Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches” (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
New Straits Times. (2014). Sabah Homestay Association earned RM4 . 3 mil in tourism receipts. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from
http://kepkas.sabah.gov.my/2014/04/22/sabah-homestay-association-earned-rm4-3mil-in-tourism-receipts/
Nunnally, J., Berstein, I. (1994) Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York
Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Stuetzer, M. (2011). Nascent entrepreneurship and the developing individual: Early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence and venture creation success during the career. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 121–133. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.005
Osman, I., Ahmad, N. H., Ahmad, Z. A., Husin, A., Abu Bakar, S., & Tanwir, N. D. (2010) Understanding Motivation, Empowerment and Sustainability Outcomes of Women Homestay Entrepreneurs in West Malaysia. A Preliminary Analysis. World Conference Cincinnati, 1–27.
Pelancongan, K., Kebudayaan, D. A. N., Industri, B. P., & Homestay, U. (2017). DIREKTORI PENYELARAS HOMESTAY 2017.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource-based tangle. Managerial and Decision Economics, 24(4), 309–323. http://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1126
Rahman, S. A., Amran, A., Ahmad, N. H., & Taghizadeh, S. K. (2015). Supporting entrepreneurial business success at the base of pyramid through entrepreneurial competencies. Management Decision, 53(6), 1203–1223. http://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2014-0531
Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial Least
Squares Structural Equation Modeling Using SmartPLS 3.0.
Reichel, A., & Haber, S. (2005). A three-sector comparison of the business performance of small tourism enterprises: an exploratory study, 26, 681–690. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.03.017
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3.
Hamburg: SmartPLS Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com
Robert, J., Baum, R., Locke, a, Ken, G., & Smith, G. (2001). Multidimensional Model Model of of Venture Venture Growth Growth. Academy of Management Journal, 20742(301), 1–25. http://doi.org/10.2307/3069456
Sadler-Smith, E., Hampson, Y., Chaston, I., & Badger, B. (2003). Managerial Behaviour, Entrepreneurial Style, And Small Firm Performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 47–67. http://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00066
Simpson, M., Padmore, J., & Newman, N. (2012). Towards a new model of success and performance in SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(3), 264–285. http://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211227675
Solymossy, E. (1998). Entrepreneurial Dimensions: the Relationship of Individual,Venture and Environmental Factors To Success. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 24(4), 79. Retrieved from http://proxy.lib.chalmers.se/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=3679500&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Stoof, A., Martens, R. L., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Bastiaens, T. J. (2002). The Boundary Approach of Competence: A Constructivist Aid for Understanding and Using the Concept of Competence. Human Resource Development Review, 1(3), 345–365. http://doi.org/10.1177/1534484302013005
Tang, W., Cui, Y., & Babenko, O. (2014). Internal consistency: Do we really know what it is and how to assess it. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 2(2), 205-220.
Walker, E., & Brown, A. (2004). What Success Factors are Important to Small Business Owners? International Small Business Journal, 22(6), 577–594. http://doi.org/10.1177/0266242604047411
Watchravesringkan, K. T., Hodges, N. N., Yurchisin, J., Hegland, J., Karpova, E., Marcketti, S., & Yan, R. nan. (2013). Modeling Entrepreneurial Career Intentions among Undergraduates: An Examination of the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Knowledge and Skills. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 41(3), 325–342. http://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12014
Westerberg, M., Singh, J., & Häckner, E. (1997). Does the Ceo Matter? An Empirical Study of Small Swedish Firms Operating in Turbulent Environments. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13(3), 251–270. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5221(97)00011-0
Whitehead, A. L., Julious, S. A., Cooper, C. L., & Campbell, M. J. (2016). Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Statistical methods in medical research, 25(3), 1057-1073.
Yassin, A. M., & Arif, N. (2017). Homestay Industry–Drivers and Challenges in the State of Johor, Malaysia. International Journal of Property Sciences (E-ISSN: 2229-8568), 7(1).
Yassin, A. M., & Ramlan, R. (2015). Homestay Entrepreneurs—Drivers and Barriers. Advanced Science Letters, 21(5), 1494-1496.
Yamamoto, S., Unruh, D., and Bullis, M (2012). The viability of self-employment for
individuals with disabilities in the United States: A synthesis of the empirical-
research literature. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 36(2012): 121–134.
Yusnita, Y., Amin, A., & Muda, S. (2012). The Influences of Transformational Leadership in Homestay Programme. The International Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–7.
Zaleha, M., Yahaya, I., Shaladdin, M., & Safiek, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial Competencies and Sustainability of Homestay Entrepreneurs. The International Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 12–18

In-Text Citation: (Yong et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Yong, K., Zainal, N. T. A., & Chekima, B. (2021). The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Competencies and Entrepreneurial Success Among Homestay Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(6), 99–114.

Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode