Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Translation and validation of the Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) to Malay Version

Engku Mardiah Engku Kamarudin, Zaida Nor Zainuddin, Yusni Mohamad Yusop, Amelia Mohd Noor, Mohd Izwan Mahmud

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i7/10365

Open access

Introduction: Motivation plays a significant role in treating any illness, especially for patients with addiction problems. Moreover, motivation is a factor that influences patients to look for treatment possibilities, follow instructions of the treatment, and mainly make prosperous long-term changes.
Objective: The purposes of this study are to translate and validate the Malay version of the Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) among opioid use disorders in Methadone treatment. This questionnaire is to study patient's motivation for entering treatment.
Method: Translation, back-translation, pilot testing, and validation of the final TMQ were all part of the four-phase technique for translating and validating generic questionnaires. The inter-correlation item and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to assess the final TMQ's overall internal consistency.
Results: The Malay TMQ had excellent Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.942. In addition, it had a good factor loading values for most items except one item under ‘confidence in treatment’ (r=0.0082) and eliminating that item from scoring increased the alpha coefficient of the scale of TMQ. Correlations among scales were between .616 and .96.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the Malay version of the TMQ is a valid and reliable tool used to measure treatment motivation in Malay-speaking populations.

Almeman, A. A., Ismail, R., & Mohamad, N. (2017). Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) in Malaysia: An observational clinical study. Australasian Medical Journal 10(4): 314.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 10). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Ayres, R., Ingram, J., Rees, A., Neale, J., Beattie, A. & Telfer, M. (2014). Enhancing motivation within a rapid opioid substitution treatment feasibility RCT: a nested qualitative study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 9(1): p.44.
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
Bulut, S., & Bozkurt, Í. (2019). The effect of treatment motivation levels on patients sent to a conditional substance abuse treatment program. Universitas Psychologica, 18(1), 1-16.
Cahill, M. A., Adinoff, B., Hosig, H., Muller, K., & Pulliam, C. (2003). Motivation for treatment preceding and following a substance abuse program. Addictive behaviors, 28(1), 67-79.
Chan, G. H., Lo, T. W., Tam, C. H., & Lee, G. K. (2019). Intrinsic motivation and psychological connectedness to drug abuse and rehabilitation: The perspective of self-determination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(11): 1934.
Chan, G. H., Lo, T. W., Tam, C. H. & Lee, G. K. (2019). Intrinsic motivation and psychological connectedness to drug abuse and rehabilitation: The perspective of self-determination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(11): 1934.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(6), 1024.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Dillon, P. J., Kedia, S. K., Isehunwa, O. O., & Sharma, M. (2020). Motivations for treatment engagement in a residential substance use disorder treatment program: A qualitative study. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 14, 1178221820940682.
Evren, C., Saatcioglu, O., Dalbudak, E., Danismant, B. S., Cakmak, D., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Factorial structure and reliability and validity of Turkish version treatment motivation questionnaire (TMQ) in alcohol dependents. Journal of Dependence, 7(3), 117-122.
Hong, N. A., Prisca, Z., Hien, H., Thuc, D. C., & Nhan, N. T. (2017). Factors determining dropping out from treatment among methadone clients: a qualitative study in Can Tho City, Vietnam. HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems, 16(1), 32-39.
Ibrahim, F., Samah, B. A., Talib, M. A., & Sabran, M. S. (2012). Drug Addicts and the High Risk Situations of Relapse. e-Bangi, 9(1).
Hin, L. C. (2007). Penyelidikan pendidikan: Pendekatan kuantiatif dan kualitatif. Selangor: McGraw- Hill (Malaysia).
Matsumoto, D. (1996). Culture and psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Melemis, S. M. (2010). I Want to Change My Life: How to Overcome Anxiety, Depression, & Addiction. Modern Therapies.
Miller, W. R., & Carroll, K. M. (Eds.). (2011). Rethinking substance abuse: What the science shows, and what we should do about it. Guilford Press.
Millere, A., P?ce, A., Millere, E., Zumente, Z., Sudraba, V., Deklava, L., Millere, I., Caune, L., & Vagale, A. (2014). Treatment motivation factor analysis of patients with substance use disorders in Latvia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 298-302.
Mohamad, N., Ismail, R., Latif, A., Zubaidi, A., Mohamad, M., & Toriman, M. E. (2014). Terapi Penggantian Metadon Penderitaan Kebergantungan Opioid yang boleh diubati. Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.
Nunnally, J. C. (1994). Psychometric theory 3E. Tata McGraw-hill education.
Ping Jr, R. A. (2004). On assuring valid measures for theoretical models using survey data. Journal of business research, 57(2), 125-141.
Robson, N., Rashid, R., Nazar, M., and Habil, H. (2015). Treating heroin addiction: Bridging the past and future–a Malaysian experience. Asia?Pacific Psychiatry, 7(1), pp.121-125.
Ryan, R. M., Plant, R. W., & O'Malley, S. (1995). Initial motivations for alcohol treatment: Relations with patient characteristics, treatment involvement, and dropout. Addictive behaviors, 20(3), 279-297.
Salleh, M. J. (2012). Permasalahan Penagihan Dadah: Tinjauan Di Pusat Serenti Selangor. In: International Seminar on Community Development - SAPKO 2012, 7 to 9 April 2012, Kuala Terengganu.
Scherbaum, N., & Specka, M. (2008). Factors influencing the course of opiate addiction. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17(S1), S39-S44.
Wemm, S. E., & Sinha, R. (2019). Drug-induced stress responses and addiction risk and relapse. Neurobiology of stress, 10, 100148.
Wild, T. C., Yuan, Y., Rush, B. R., & Urbanoski, K. A. (2016). Client engagement in legally-mandated addiction treatment: A prospective study using self-determination theory. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 69: 35–43.

In-Text Citation: (Kamarudin et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Kamarudin, E. M. E., Zainudin, Z. N., Yusop, Y. M., Noor, A. M., & Mahmud, M. I. (2021). Translation and validation of the Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) to Malay Version. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(7), 1297–1311.