ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
This study was aimed to identify the level and the effect of workload, supervisor support and co-workers support on work engagement among boarding school teachers in Selangor. Quantitative approaches with non-experimental design were used for this study. A number of 274 teachers from boarding schools in Selangor were chosen using random sampling methods as studied samples. Research instrument involve questionnaires that was adapted and modified according to the needs and suitability of this study. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to explain the level of workload, supervisor support, co-workers support and work engagement. Inferential statistical analysis is also implemented and involves multiple regression analysis that describes the impact of workload, supervisor support and co-workers support on work engagement. The result showed that the level of workload was moderate, while the level of supervisor support, co-workers support and work engagement were high. The findings of the study also revealed that there were a significant effect between workload (? = .149, p < .05), supervisor support (? = .184, p < .05), co-workers support (? = .461, p < .05) on teachers’ work engagement. Implication from this study, school management can utilize the views of teachers on the aspects studied and make the information as a useful tool to further increase work engagement among teachers.
Ahmed, S., Ahmad, F., & Jaaffar, A. R. (2017). Employee Engagement on Employee Relations with Supervisor and Employee Performance Relationship in Developing Economy: Critical Analysis with PLS-SEM. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2(4A), 389-398.
Ahmed, U., Majid, A. H. A., Al-Aali, L., & Mozammel, S. (2018). Can Meaningful Work Really Moderate The Relationship between Supervisor Support, Coworker Support and Work Engagement? Management Science Letters, 9, 229-242.
Ahmed, U., Shah, M. H., Siddiqui, B. A., Shah, S. A., Dahri, A. S., & Qureshi, M. A. (2017). Troubling Job Demands at Work: Examining the Deleterious Impact of Workload and Emotional Demands on Work Engagement. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(6), 96-106.
Alzyoud, A. A. Y., Othman, S. Z., & Isa, M. F. M. (2015). Examining the Role of Job Resources on Work Engagement in the Academic Setting. Asian Social Science, 11(3), 103-110.
Amin, M., Khattak, A. Z., & Khan, M. Z. (2018). Effects of Job Stress on Employee Engagement and Organizational Commitment: A Study on Employees of Emergency Rescue Service Rescue 1122 District Peshawar. City University Research Journal, 8(2), 200-208.
Anila, K. P., & Krishnaveni, V. (2016). Study on the Work Life Balance: Womens’ Perspective. International Research Journal of Business and Management, 9(12), 30-34.
Antin, A., & Kiflee, D. N. A. (2018). Pengaruh Beban Tugas dan Motivasi Terhadap Keefisienan Kerja Guru Sekolah Menengah di Sabah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 77-84.
Arshad, Z. M., & Mustapha, R. (2017). Hubungan antara Beban Tugas Dengan Efikasi Diri dan Kepuasan Kerja Pensyarah di Kolej Vokasional. Sains Humanika, 9(1-5), 35-43.
Avanzi, L., Fraccaroli, F., Castelli, L., Marcionetti, J., Crescentini, A., Balducci, C., & Van Dick, R. (2018). How to Mobilize Social Support against Workload and Burnout: The Role of Organizational Identification. Teaching and Teacher Education, 69, 154-167.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources Model: State of the Art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Hakanen, J. J., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job Resources Boost Work Engagement, Particularly when Job Demands are High. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274-284.
Bhandare, U. V., & Seethalexmy, N. (2017). Challenges to Maintain Work Life Balance with Reference to Degree College Teachers of University of Mumbai. International Journal of Advanced Research and Development, 2(6), 4-7.
Breevaart, K., & Bakker, A. B. (2018). Daily Job Demands and Employee Work Engagement: The Role of Daily Transformational Leadership Behavior, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 338-349.
Choo, L. S. (2017). Colleague Support and Role Clarity in Promoting the Work Engagement of Frontliners in Malaysian Hotels. International Society for Performance Improvement, 29(4), 389-405.
Contreras, F., Abid, G., Govers, M., & Elahi, N. S. (2020). Influence of Support on Work Engagement in Nursing Staff: The Mediating Role of Possibilities for Professional Development. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracion, 1-21.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
Dogru, C. (2018). The Relationship between Perceived Support and Innovative Behavior: Analyzing the Mediating Role of Work Engagement. Journal of Business Research Turk, 10(2), 384-402.
Ganzach, Y., Pazy, A., Ohayun, Y., & Brainin, E. (2002). Social Exchange and Organizational Commitment: Decision-Making Training for Job Choice as an Alternative to the Realistic Job Preview. Personnel Psychology, 55, 613-637.
Granziera, H., Collie, R., & Martin, A. (2021). Understanding Teacher Wellbeing through Job Demands-Resources Theory. In Mansfield, C. F. (Eds), Cultivating Teacher Resilience: International Approaches, Applications and Impact (pp. 229-244). Australia: Springer.
Hain, C. A., & Francis, L. (2004). Development and Validation of a Coworker Relationship Scale. Unpublished thesis. Canada: Saint Mary’s University.
Harun, M., Omar, Z., Idris, K., & Basri, R. (2015). The Development and Validation of Instrument of Teacher’s Workload. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(3), 401-412.
Isa, N. M., Singh, H. K. L., & Hashim, R. (2018). Job Stress, Work-to- Family Conflict and Social Support in the Education Industry. Journal of Administrative Science, 15(3), 1-17.
Ishak, R., & Rusman, S. N. F. (2018). Prestasi Kerja Guru dan Hubungannya dengan Faktor Beban Tugas, Persekitaran Kerja dan Personal: Kajian Kes di sebuah Sekolah di Sabah. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 5(1), 1-15.
Johari, J., Yean T. F., & Zulkarnain, Z. I. T. (2018). Autonomy, Workload, Work-Life Balance and Job Performance among Teachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(1), 107-120.
Katariina, S. A., Lauri, H., & Kirsti, L. (2019). Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles among Teachers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2254), 1-8.
Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring Perceived Supervisory and Organizational Support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1075-1079.
Kular, S., Gatenby, M., Rees, C., Soane, E., & Truss, K. (2008). Employee Engagement: A Literature Review. UK: Kingston University.
Makera, A. U., Nasidi, Y., Kamaruddeen, A. M., & Jemaku, I. M. (2019). Correlation between Team and Co-worker Relationship and Employee Engagement. Journal of Advanced Research in Business and Management Studies, 14(1), 16-24.
Masluk, B., Santos, S. G., Cartagena, A. A., Martinez, A. A., Peck, E., & Leiter, M. P. (2018). Areas of Worklife Scale (AWS) Short Version (Spanish): A Confirmatory Factor Analysis based on a Secondary School Teacher Sample. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 13(20), 1-10.
Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025: Preschool to Post-Secondary Education. Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.
Mohamed, S. A., & Ali, M. (2016). The Impact of Supervisor Support on Employees’ Engagement, International Journal of Research and Review, 3(3), 14-20.
Nasurdin, A. M., Tan, C. L., & Khan, S. N. (2018). Linking Social Support, Work Engagement and Job Performance in Nursing. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(2), 363-386.
Orgambidez-Ramos, A., & Almeida, H. D. (2017). Work Engagement, Social Support, and Job Satisfaction in Portuguese Nursing Staff: A Winning Combination. Applied Nursing Research, 36, 37-41.
Osman, I., Noordin, F., Daud, N., & Othman, M. Z. (2016). The Dynamic Role of Social Exchange and Personality in Predicting Turnover Intentions among Professional Workers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 541-552.
Othman, N., & Omar, H. (2014). Beban Tugas dan Motivasi Pengajaran Guru di Sekolah Menengah Daerah Ranau. Jurnal Pemikir Pendidikan, 5, 35-57.
Park, S., Hye-Seung, K., & Eun-Jee, K. (2018). Does Supervisor Support Make a Difference in Employees’ Training and Job Performance? An Empirical Study of a Professional Development Program. European Journal of Training and Development, 1-34.
Pimploi, T., Patsara, S., Li, H., & Aongart, A. (2020), The Influence of Work-Related Supports on Employee Engagement in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Thailand. Systematic Review Pharmacy, 11(2), 576-585.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019). Organizational Behavior. United States: Pearson Education Inc.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
Saks, A. M. (2011). Manage Employee Engagement to Manage Performance. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4, 204-207.
Sawasdee, A., Saengchai, S., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The Role of Emotional Demands, Supervisor Support and Training Opportunities towards Work Engagement among Employees in Pharmaceutical Companies of Thailand. Systematic Review Pharmacy, 11(3), 176-184.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources and Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior¸ 25, 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and Engagement in University Students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481.
Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology¸ 81(3), 219-227.
Shahid, S. A. M., Amdan, S., Alwi, A., Azmi, F. S., & Hassan, C. N. (2016). Social Support, Negative Affectivity, and Work Personal Life Balance of Academics. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(7), 500-504.
Siron, R., Saad, N. M., Jamil, N., & Tasripan, M. A. (2017). An Assessment of Green Quality of Working Life Dimensions: A Study at Public Institutions in Southern Zone State of Malaysia. International Review of Management and Business Research, 6(3), 1216-1228.
Srimarut, T., & Mekhum, W. (2020). The Influence of Workload and Co-Worker Attitude on Job Satisfaction among Employees of Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangkok, Thailand: The Mediating Role of Training. Systematic Review Pharmacy, 11(2), 603-611.
Suan, C. L., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2016). Supervisor Support and Work Engagement of Hotel Employees in Malaysia. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 31(1), 2-18.
Teng, M., Hassan, Z., Kasa, M., Bandar, N. F. A., Ahmad, R., & Nor, N. N. M. (2017). The Relationship between Workload and Students’ Disruptive Behaviours with Turnover Intention among Academicians of Private Higher Education Institutions: Boredom at Workplace as Mediator. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(4), 828-837.
Vera, M., Martinez, I. M., Lorente, L., & Chambel, J. M. (2016). The Role of Co-worker and Supervisor Support in the Relationship between Job Autonomy and Work Engagement among Portuguese Nurses: A Multilevel Study. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 1-16.
Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as Initiators of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework for Understanding Managerial Trustworthy Behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 513-530.
Zahrah, N., Aziz, A., & Hamid, S. N. A. (2019). Workload and Work Engagement among Nurses in Public Hospitals: Moderating Role of Religious Spirituality. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 6(4), 297-312.
In-Text Citation: (Kaiyom et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Kaiyom, S. A., Rahman, R. A., & Mustaffa, W. S. W. (2021). The Effect of Workload, Supervisor Support and Co-Workers Support on Work Engagement among Teachers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(8), 1633–1647.
Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode