Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Awareness of Fundamental Liberties among Students

Hazlina Mohd Padil, Nor Laila Ahmad, Noorsaliza Amin Nudin

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i9/10882

Open access

Malaysian citizens should be aware of their basic rights under the Federal Constitution known as ‘fundamental liberties’. However, not many citizens are aware of their basic rights and research on the awareness of citizen’s basic rights is sparse. Thus, this study intended to develop a measurement instrument which can later be used to analyse the factors that constitutes the awareness of fundamental liberties among students. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to find the factors that will be the measurement instrument in identifying the awareness of fundamental liberties among students. This research employed a quantitative research design where an online questionnaire responded by 455 university students was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24. A total of 3 factors consist of 17 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis. The results will be the measurement instrument for further analysis on the awareness of fundamental liberties among students.

Adil, M. A. M., & Ahmad, N. M. (2014). Islamic law and human rights in Malaysia. ICR Journal, 5(1), 43-67.
Agarwal, A. (2014). Human rights awareness among the people of Agra City: A comparative study. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 3, 36-42.
Aun, K. K. S. (2003). The role of fundamental liberties in the evolution of Malaysia as a democratic society. The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, XXXII(No 2), 50-64.
Chin, L. C. (2017). A Malaysia of citizens: Ethnicity, membership and politics of merger. KEMANUSIAAN: The Asian Journal of Humanities, 24(2). 1-30.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(1),7.
Ekmekci, P. E., & Arda, B. (2015). Enhancing John Rawls’s theory of justice to cover health and social determinants of health. Acta Bioethica, 21(2), 227-236.
Fairojibanu, N. M., & Samian, A. L. (2018). The pilot study on the perception of the society towards the Federal Constitution from the aspect of racial unity. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 8(11), 274-284. DOI 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i11/4899
Fernando, J. M., & Rajagopal, S. (2017). Fundamental liberties in the Malayan Constitution and the search for a balance, 1956–1957. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 13(1).
Gafoor, K. A. (2012). Considerations in the measurement of awareness. National Seminar on Emerging Trends in Education. Online Submission
Gaskin, J. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Retrieved from http://statwiki.gaskination.com/index.php?title=EFA#Discriminant_validity.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Cronbach's alpha. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 11, 231.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988) Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), pp. 265-275.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Balin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Maxwell Macmillan International Editions.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Hamid, M. I. A., & Mohammad, N. A. N. (2018). Legal literacy of educators in Malaysia: An empirical study. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(S2), 187-204.
Hasan, H., Pauzi, S. F. B. M., Mustapha, M., Ghazali, M. S. B., & Hamid, S. S. S. (2018). Federal Constitution: Determining the level of awareness and knowledge among student leaders of Uitm Cawangan Pahang. Breakthrough Invention, Innovation and Design Exhibition, Series 2018, 57-59.
Haslbeck, J., & van Bork, R. (2021). Estimating the number of factors in eExploratory Factor Analysis via out-of-sample Prediction Errors, 1-15
Kai-Ming, J. W. (2020). Remedies for Infringement of Constitutional Rights. Penang Bar, Voix D’Advocat, 1, 24-26.
Kaiser, H. F. (1981). A revised measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic data matrices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41(2), 379-381.
Khasasi, M. Z. A., Salleh, A. D., & Zaini, M. (2020). Position of Islam as a Federal religion and a determinant of stable socio-religious relations in Malaysia: Medina charter for reference, Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 28(3), 1975-1994
Anuar, M. H., Abdul Wahab, H., Mohamed, M., & Azhar, A. (2018). Issues in implementing affirmative action in Malaysia. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 3(13), 134-139.
Nordin, R., & Abdullah, A. R. (2017). Human rights, its scope and application: An empirical analysis of future human rights advocates in Malaysia. Pertanika Journals: Social Sciences and Humanities, 25(2), 741-760.
Nudin, N. A., Azmi, A. F., Padil, H. M., Razak, F. A., & Ahmad, N. L. (2020). 1 Click 2 Liberties Kit: An Analysis on the Effectiveness of Using Kit to Understand Fundamental Liberties. Innovation Insider, Series 1, 49-52.
O’connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 32(3), 396-402.
Ogunleye, L. I., Oyejola, B. A., & Obisesan, K. O. (2018). Comparison of some common tests for normality. International Journal of Probability and Statistics, 7(5), 130-137.
Omeje, K. N., Osuagwu, H. O. & Ugwu, C. F. (2021). E-notice board (ENB) for the faculty community. European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 5(1), 33-43.
Padil, H. M., Kasim, E. S., Ismail, N., Zin, N. M., & Muda, S. (2020). An exploratory factor analysis of financial literacy and awareness of investment scam. International Invention, Innovative and Creative (INIIC) Conference proceedings, Series 2/2020, 61-67
Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11.
Singh, S., & Singh, H. (2015). Human rights awareness among B. ED. Students. International Journal of Education, 4.
Sormin, E., Julianti, K., Nadeak, B., & Naibaho, L. (2019). Use of construction inquiri learning model to improve the interest of learning students grade XI SMA Angkasa 2 in coloid materials. PEOPLE International Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 908-917.
Spinde, T., Hamborg, F., Kreuter, C., Gipp, B., Gaissmaier, W., & Giese, H. (2021). How can the perception of media bias in news articles be objectively measured? Best practices and recommendations using user studies. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL).
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Tehupeiory, A., & Naibaho, L. (2020). Enhancing community legal awareness of land right disputes through the use of legal aid institutions. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(8), 1223-1231.
Teruel, M. A., Condori-Fernandez, N., Navarro, Elena. & Gonzales, Pascual. (2018). Assessing the impact of the awareness level on a co-operative game. The Journal of Information and Software Technology, 98, 89-116.
Thurairaj, S., Mogan, S., Abas, A. M., Singh, K. K. S., & Kumarasamy, J. (2018). The meaning of patriotism among Malaysians: A quantitative study towards reinforcement of national identity and nation state. Jurnal Sultan AlauddinSulaiman Shah, 5(2), 152-170.
Wahab, A. A., & Khairi, A. (2020). Right to justice and legal aid barriers to the vulnerable non-citizens in Malaysia. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(1), 13-23.
Walsh, K., Rassafiani, M., Mathews, B., Farrell, A., & Butler, D. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the teacher reporting attitude scale for child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(5), 489-506.
Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in quantitative methods for psychology, 9(2), 79-94.

In-Text Citation: (Padil et al., 2021)
To Cite this Article: Padil, H. M., Ahmad, N. L., & Nudin, N. A. (2021). An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Awareness of Fundamental Liberties among Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(9), 1129–1143.