Competence, Competency, and Competencies: A Misunderstanding in Theory and Practice for Future Reference

Abraham, S. E., Karns, L. A., Shaw, K., & Mena, M. A. (2001). Managerial competencies and the managerial performance appraisal process. Journal of Management Development, 20(10), 842–852. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710110410842
Arifin, M. A., & Rasdi, R. M. (2017). Addressing Competency Gaps for Vocational Instructor through Competency Model and Instrument for Competency MEasurement. THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE (ICERP) 2017 Empowering Education Through Translational Research and Practices, 7(4), 1201–1216. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2970
Arifin, M. A., Rasdi, R. M., Mohd, M. A., & Omar, M. K. (2017). Competencies of Vocational Teacher?: A Personnel Measurement Framework. 7, 147–164. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i14/3659
Atan, B. J., & Mahmood, N. H. N. (2019). The role of transformational leadership style in enhancing employees’ competency for organization performance. Management Science Letters. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.7.033
Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Competence and job performance. Competence and Performance, 10–39. https://doi.org/Samsung/Academico/Material Didatico MKZ/GC
Boyatzis, R. E., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Competencies in the 21st century. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840730
Burgoyne, J. (1989). Creating the managerial portfolio: Building on competency approaches to management development. Management Learning.
https://doi.org/10.1177/135050768902000109
Cernusca, L., & Dima, C. (2007). Competency and Human Resource Management. Revista Da Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 162–171.
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Sykes, J.B., (ed) (1987) (7th edition) Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 191-192
Dirani, K. M., Abadi, M., Alizadeh, A., Barhate, B., Garza, R. C., Gunasekara, N., Ibrahim, G., & Majzun, Z. (2020). Leadership competencies and the essential role of human resource development in times of crisis: a response to Covid-19 pandemic. Human Resource Development International. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1780078
Dubois, D., & Rothwell, W. (2004). Competency-Based or a Traditional Approach to Training? T & D, 58(4), 46.
Efimova, G. Z., Sorokin, A. N., & Gribovskiy, M. V. (2021). Ideal teacher of higher school: Personal qualities and socio-professional competencies. Obrazovanie i Nauka. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2021-1-202-230
Evarts. (1987). Enhancing managerial competence: the american management association competency programme. Journal of Management Development, 6(4), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954864
Frezza, S., Daniels, M., Pears, A., Cajander, Å., Kann, V., Kapoor, A., McDermott, R., Peters, A. Sabin, K. M., & Wallace, C. (2018). Modelling competencies for computing education beyond 2020: A research based approach to defining competencies in the computing disciplines. Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, ITiCSE. https://doi.org/10.1145/3293881.3295782
Hager, P., Gonczi, A., & Athanasou, J. (1994). General Issues about Assessment of Competence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 19(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293940190101
Hoffmann, T. (1999). The meanings of competency. Journal of European Industrial Training, 23(6), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599910284650
Huei, O. K., Rus, R. C., & Kamis, A. (2019). Need Analysis: Competency Development Measurement Instrument in Mastering the Content of Design and Technology Subject in High School. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i6/6065
Kakemam, E., Liang, Z., Janati, A., Arab-Zozani, M., Mohaghegh, B., & Gholizadeh, M. (2020). Leadership and management competencies for hospital managers: A systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis. In Journal of Healthcare Leadership. https://doi.org/10.2147/JHL.S265825
Kuijpers, M. A. C. T., Schyns, B., & Scheerens, J. (2006). Career competencies for career success. Career Development Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00011.x
McClelland, D. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. The American Psychologist, 28(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0038240
Mohd Salleh, K., Sulaiman, N. L., & Gloeckner, G. W. (2015). The development of competency model perceived by Malaysian human resource practitioners’ perspectives. Asian Social Science, 11(10), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n10p175
Moore, D. R., Cheng, M., & Dainty, A. R. J. (2002). Competence, competency and competencies: performance assessment in organisations. Work Study. https://doi.org/10.1108/00438020210441876
Oberländer, M., Beinicke, A., & Bipp, T. (2020). Digital competencies: A review of the literature and applications in the workplace. Computers and Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103752
Oise Delamare Deist, F. LE, & Winterton, J. (2005). What Is Competence? Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000338227
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamid, G. (2007). The core competence of the corporation. In Software Management, Seventh Edition (pp. 259–271). https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470049167.ch7
R.Yuvaraj. (2011). Competency Mapping?: A Drive For Indian Industries. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research.
Rothwell, W. J. (2002). Chapter 5: What are the roles, competence, and outputs of the workplace learner? In The workplace learner: how to align training initiatives with individual learning competencies (pp. xxvi, 358).
Shet, S. V., Patil, S. V., & Chandawarkar, M. R. (2017). Framework for methodical review of literature on leadership competencies. Cogent Business and Management, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1309123
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work?: Models for Superior Performance. In John Wiley & Sons (pp. 1–372).
Suhairom, N., Musta’amal, A. H., Amin, N. F. M., & Johari, N. K. A. (2014). The Development of Competency Model and Instrument for Competency Measurement: The Research Methods. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 1300–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.367
Wong, S.-C. (2020). Competency Definitions, Development and Assessment: A Brief Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v9-i3/8223
Woodruffe, C. (1991). Competent By Any Other Name. Personnel Management.

In-Text Citation: (Arifin, 2021)
To Cite this Article: Arifin, M. A. (2021). Competence, Competency, and Competencies: A Misunderstanding in Theory and Practice for Future Reference. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(9), 755–764.

Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode