Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Measurement of Destination Personality: An Updated Literature Review

Urooj Zulfiqar, Harcharanjit Singh, Asfandyar Khan, Ikram- Ullah, Aliya Yesmin, Zainab Mohammed Alwan Al-Juboori

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i1/12231

Open access

Destination branding has been an extensively investigated idea as governments and corporations seek to reposition their respective destinations' images in the mainstream sphere. Many areas of destination branding are researched; not only for the purpose of branding or rebranding locations, but also to stimulate local economies. The purpose of this study is to obtain information about destination personality from the literature accessible in research sources. Based on the citation indices and downloads from digital sites and libraries, this research picked 28 noteworthy papers on the issue that were published in the recent 12 years, and then conducted the analysis on them. This review paper presents the findings of previous researches and the approaches used therein. The findings reveals that 42-item BPS of (Aaker, 1997) were used to measure destination personality. However, the most noticeable dimensions of destination personality based on which human characteristics are attributed to the destination are sincerity, excitement and conviviality and researchers used these dimensions are most commonly to measure destination personality. These noticeable dimensions of destination personality sincerity and excitement were found to be two main dimensions and conviviality is newly specific to destination. Researchers, marketers, and government officials might benefit from an increased understanding of notions of destination personality and its implications in tourism, which could lead to adjustments and improvements in the branding of tourist, business, and other kinds of destinations. Hence, it is essential to emphasise that this paper is only a qualitative evaluation of the literature and therefore confined to the results of prior research in this area.

Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356.
Aslan, S. (2008). Ki?ilik, huy ve psikopatoloji. Rewiews, Cases and Hypotheses in Psychiatry RCHP, 2(1–2), 7–18.
Azoulay, A., & Kapferer, J.-N. (2003). Do brand personality scales really measure brand personality? Journal of Brand Management, 11(2), 143–155.
Baloglu, S., Henthorne, T. L., & Sahin, S. (2014). Destination image and brand personality of Jamaica: A model of tourist behavior. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(8), 1057–1070.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta?analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1–26.
Bellou, V., Stylos, N., & Rahimi, R. (2018). Predicting hotel attractiveness via personality traits of applicants: the moderating role of self-esteem and work experience. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Berno, T., & Ward, C. (2005). Innocence abroad: A pocket guide to psychological research on tourism. American Psychologist, 60(6), 593.
Burruss, J. D., & Kaenzig, L. (1999). Introversion: The often forgotten factor impacting the gifted. Virginia Association for the Gifted Newsletter, 21(1), 1–4.
Busato, V. V, Prins, F. J., Elshout, J. J., & Hamaker, C. (2000). Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(6), 1057–1068.
Cattell, R. B., & Eber, H. W. (1964). Sixteen personality factor questionnaire. Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Chen, C. F., & Phou, S. (2013). A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015
Chi, C. G.-Q., Pan, L., & Del Chiappa, G. (2018). Examining destination personality: Its antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 149–159.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). General affective dispositions in physical and psychological health. Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 221–245.
Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359.
Costa Jr, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887–898.
Crockett, S. R., & Wood, L. J. (2004). Western Australia: building a state brand. Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, 185–206.
d’Astous, A., & Boujbel, L. (2007). Positioning countries on personality dimensions: Scale development and implications for country marketing. Journal of Business Research, 60(3), 231–239.
Dannar, P. (2016). If you want creativity in your organizations, seek out the introvert. Journal of Leadership Studies, 10(1), 40–41.
Denissen, J. J. A., & Penke, L. (2008). Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the Five-Factor model of personality: First steps towards a theory-based conceptual framework. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1285–1302.
Dollinger, S. J., & Orf, L. A. (1991). Personality and performance in “personality”: Conscientiousness and openness. Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 276–284.
Ekinci, Y., & Hosany, S. (2006). Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 127–139.
Ekinci, Y., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Baloglu, S. (2007). Host image and destination personality. Tourism Analysis, 12(5–6), 433–446.
Eysenck, Hans J. (1981). General features of the model. In A model for personality (pp. 1–37). Springer.
Eysenck, Hans Jürgen. (1992). A hundred years of personality research, from Heymans to modern times: Lecture. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Anxiety and cognitive-task performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(5), 579–586.
Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343–373.
Freyd, M. (1924). Introverts and Extroverts. Psychological Review, 31(1), 74.
Geuens, M., Weijters, B., & De Wulf, K. (2009). A new measure of brand personality. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(2), 97–107.
Gilmore, F. (2002). Branding for success. Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, 57–65.
Gnoth, J., Baloglu, S., Ekinci, Y., & Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2007). Building destination brands. Tourism Analysis, 12(5/6), 339–483.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative" description of personality": the big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216.
Gomez Aguilar, A., Yaguee Guillen, M. J., & Villasenor Roman, N. (2016). Destination brand personality: An application to Spanish tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(3), 210–219.
Graziano, W. G., & Eisenberg, N. (1997). Agreeableness: A dimension of personality. In Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 795–824). Elsevier.
Gretzel, U., Mitsche, N., Hwang, Y.-H., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2006). Travel personality testing for destination recommendation systems. Destin Recomm Syst Behav Found Appl. CABI, Oxfordshire, 121–136.
Hall, J. (2004). Branding Britain. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 171–185.
Hamilton, K. (2000). Project Galore: Qualitative Research and Leveraging Scotland’s Brand Equity. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(1), 107–111.
Hassan, G. (2001). An empirical assessment of the configural invariance of the brand personality scale: a comparison involving ethnic groups and brands in Canada. Concordia University.
Henderson, J. C. (2000). Selling places: the new Asia-Singapore brand. Journal of Tourism Studies, 11(1), 36–44.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion–extraversion and happy introverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 595–608.
Hogan, R. E. (1983). A socioanalytic theory of personality. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 55–89.
Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2006). Destination image and destination personality: An application of branding theories to tourism places. Journal of Business Research, 59(5), 638–642.
Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2007). Destination image and destination personality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research.
Huang, L., Gursoy, D., & Xu, H. (2014). Impact of personality traits and involvement on prior knowledge. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 42–57.
Hultman, M., Skarmeas, D., Oghazi, P., & Beheshti, H. M. (2015). Achieving tourist loyalty through destination personality, satisfaction, and identification. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.002
Jalili, S., & Mall-Amiri, B. (2015). The difference between extrovert and introvert EFL teachers’ classroom management. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(4), 826.
Jani, D., & Han, H. (2013). Personality, social comparison, consumption emotions, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: How do these and other factors relate in a hotel setting? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Jani, D., & Han, H. (2014). Testing the moderation effect of hotel ambience on the relationships among social comparison, affect, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(6), 731–746.
Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological Types, trans. H. Godwin Baynes. New York: Pantheon Books.
Kavenská, V., & Simonová, H. (2015). Ayahuasca tourism: participants in shamanic rituals and their personality styles, motivation, benefits and risks. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47(5), 351–359.
Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22.
KILICcedil, B., & Sop, S. A. (2012). Destination personality, self-congruity and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 3(5), 95–105.
Kim, H.-B., & Lee, S. (2015). Impacts of city personality and image on revisit intention. International Journal of Tourism Cities.
Kim, M. J., Bonn, M., Lee, C.-K., & Hahn, S. S. (2018). Effects of personality traits on visitors attending an exposition: The moderating role of anxiety attachment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(5), 502–519.
Kim, S., & Lehto, X. Y. (2013). Projected and perceived destination brand personalities: The case of South Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 117–130.
Kim, W., Malek, K., Kim, N., & Kim, S. (2018). Destination personality, destination image, and intent to recommend: The role of gender, age, cultural background, and prior experiences. Sustainability, 10(1), 87.
Kim, Y. G., Suh, B. W., & Eves, A. (2010). The relationships between food-related personality traits, satisfaction, and loyalty among visitors attending food events and festivals. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 216–226.
Kumar, V., & Nayak, J. K. (2018). Destination personality: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(1), 3–25.
Kuo, N.-T., Cheng, Y.-S., Chiu, W.-H., & Cho, S. (2016). Personalities of travel agents with strong sales records in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(9), 1001–1019.
Kvasova, O. (2015). The Big Five personality traits as antecedents of eco-friendly tourist behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 111–116.
Landers, R. N., & Lounsbury, J. W. (2006). An investigation of Big Five and narrow personality traits in relation to Internet usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(2), 283–293.
Larsen, H. G. (2018). The’mental topography’of the Shanghai city brand: A netnographic approach to formulating city brand positioning strategies. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 90–101.
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 132.
Lee, J., Soutar, G., & Quintal, V. (2010). Destination personality: Cross-country comparisons. Proceedings of Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference, 2010.
Lee, T. H., & Tseng, C. H. (2015). How personality and risk-taking attitude affect the behavior of adventure recreationists. Tourism Geographies, 17(3), 307–331.
Leri, I., & Theodoridis, P. (2020). How do personality traits affect visitor’s experience, emotional stimulation and behaviour? The case of wine tourism. Tourism Review.
Leung, R., & Law, R. (2010). A review of personality research in the tourism and hospitality context. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(5), 439–459.
Li, X., & Kaplanidou, K. (2013). The impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on China’s destination brand: A US-based examination. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 37(2), 237–261.
Lin, C.-H. (2013). Determinants of revisit intention to a hot springs destination: Evidence from Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(3), 183–204.
Lin, Y., Kerstetter, D., Nawijn, J., & Mitas, O. (2014). Changes in emotions and their interactions with personality in a vacation context. Tourism Management, 40, 416–424.
Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2001). Understanding extraverts’ enjoyment of social situations: The importance of pleasantness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 343.
McCrae, R. R. (1993). Openness to experience as a basic dimension of personality. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 13(1), 39–55.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81.
McKercher, B., Law, R., & Lam, T. (2006). Rating tourism and hospitality journals. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1235–1252.
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246.
Moghavvemi, S., Woosnam, K. M., Paramanathan, T., Musa, G., & Hamzah, A. (2017). The effect of residents’ personality, emotional solidarity, and community commitment on support for tourism development. Tourism Management, 63, 242–254.
Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2002). Contextualizing destination branding. Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, 11–41.
Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V, & Lane, R. D. (2007). Parsing positive emotion in relation to agentic and affiliative components of extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(7), 1267–1278.
Muharrami, M. L., Setiyadi, A. B., & Hasan, H. (2013). A comparative study between introvert and extrovert students personality in listening achievement. U-JET, 2(8).
Murphy, L., Benckendorff, P., & Moscardo, G. (2007). Destination brand personality: Visitor perceptions of a regional tourism destination. Tourism Analysis, 12(5–6), 419–432.
Murphy, L., Moscardo, G., & Benckendorff, P. (2007). Using brand personality to differentiate regional tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 5–14.
Niranga, W. A. M., & Dharmadasa, M. P. P. (2018). Introverted and Extroverted Personality Traits of Leaders and OCB of Followers: A Moderating Effect of Leader-Member Relationship of IT Industry in Sri Lanka.
Pan, L., Zhang, M., Gursoy, D., & Lu, L. (2017). Development and validation of a destination personality scale for mainland Chinese travelers. Tourism Management, 59, 338–348.
Phau, I., & Lau, K. C. (2000). Conceptualising brand personality: A review and research propositions. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 9(1), 52–69.
Pitt, L. F., Opoku, R., Hultman, M., Abratt, R., & Spyropoulou, S. (2007). What I say about myself: Communication of brand personality by African countries. Tourism Management, 28(3), 835–844.
Prayag, G. (2007). Exploring the relationship between destination image and brand personality of a tourist destination: An application of projective techniques. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 2(Fall 2007), 111–130.
Rothmann, S., & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68–74.
Sahin, S. (2008). Brand personality and destination image of Istanbul: A comparison across nationalities.
Servidio, R. (2015). Images, affective evaluation and personality traits in tourist behaviour: An exploratory study with Italian postcards. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 237–246.
Souiden, N., Ladhari, R., & Chiadmi, N. E. (2017). Destination personality and destination image. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 54–70.
Stajkovic, A. D., Bandura, A., Locke, E. A., Lee, D., & Sergent, K. (2018). Test of three conceptual models of influence of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance: A meta-analytic path-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 238–245.
Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2010). Personality, emotion, and individual differences in physiological responses. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 541–551.
Stokburger-Sauer, N. E. (2011). The relevance of visitors’ nation brand embeddedness and personality congruence for nation brand identification, visit intentions and advocacy. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1282–1289.
Sung, Y., & Kim, J. (2010). Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect. Psychology & Marketing, 27(7), 639–661.
Tang, C. M. F., & Lam, D. (2017). The role of extraversion and agreeableness traits on Gen Y’s attitudes and willingness to pay for green hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Tasci, A. D. A., & Kozak, M. (2006). Destination brands vs destination images: Do we know what we mean? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(4), 299–317.
Tsiakali, K. (2018). User-generated-content versus marketing-generated-content: Personality and content influence on traveler’s behavior. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(8), 946–972.
Usakli, A., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Brand personality of tourist destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. Tourism Management, 32(1), 114–127.
Vespestad, M. K., & Mehmetoglu, M. (2017). The interrelationship between personality traits and psychological constraints on adventure activity participation. In Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Ward, S. (1974). Consumer socialization. Journal of Consumer Research, 1(2), 1–14.
Washington, R. R., Sutton, C. D., & Feild, H. S. (2006). Individual differences in servant leadership: The roles of values and personality. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Xie, K. L., & Lee, J.-S. (2013). Toward the perspective of cognitive destination image and destination personality: The case of Beijing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(6), 538–556.
Ye, Q., Song, H., & Li, T. (2012). Cross-institutional collaboration networks in tourism and hospitality research. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2, 55–64.
Ying, T., & Norman, W. C. (2017). Personality effects on the social network structure of boundary-spanning personnel in the tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(5), 515–538.
Yoo, K.-H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609–621.
Zeugner-Roth, K. P., & Žabkar, V. (2015). Bridging the gap between country and destination image: Assessing common facets and their predictive validity. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1844–1853.

In-Text Citation: (Zulfiqar et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Zulfiqar, U., Singh, H., Khan, A., Ikram-Ullah, Yesmin, A., & Al-Juboori, Z. M. A. (2022). Measurement of Destination Personality: An Updated Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 2631-2656.