Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Factor Structure and Reliability of A Servant Leader Humility Scale

Taleb Mohammed N Alsaiari, Siti Aisyah Panatik, Amalina Binti Ibrahim

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i4/13025

Open access

Humility is a core trait of servant leaders, enabling them to better understand the needs of their workplaces, make optimum decisions, readily accept and use feedback, and effortlessly ask for assistance when the need arises. While several instruments exist for measuring leader humility, their coverage of the humility domain differ. They also seem to conflate (and even confound) the construct with similar but distinct ideas like modesty and honesty. As a contribution towards addressing these issues, the researchers explored the factor structure and reliability of the humility scale from Page and Wong’s (2000) Servant Leadership Profile (SLP). Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed using JASP on a dataset generated from a sample of 181 academic staff drawn online from the 30 public universities in Saudi Arabia. Contrary to Page and Wong’s (2000) unidimensional structure of the humility scale, the PCA results suggest a two-factor (humbleness factor and self-effacement factor) solution that explains 49% of the cumulative variance. The results from CFA analysis confirm the fit of the model structure (?2/df = 0.863, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.011, NFI = 0.954, RMSEA = 0.000, SRMR = 0.051, GFI = 0.974, MFI = 1.010) for the Servant Leader Humility Scale (SLHS). However, while results of reliability analyses indicate that the humbleness factor shows good psychometrics (? = .833, CI = .795–.872; ? = .810, CI = .759–.852), it is not so with the self-effacement factor (? = .685, CI = .614–.756; ? = .671, CI = .588–.741). Accordingly, we recommend that the humbleness factor should be given greater weight in the evaluation of servant leadership qualities.

Ashton, M. C., and Lee, K. (2008). The Prediction of Honesty–Humility-Related Criteria by the Hexaco and Five-Factor Models of Personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1216-1228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.006
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., and De Raad, B. (2004). A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions from Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 356-366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356
Ayyash, M. M., Herzallah, F. A. T., and Al-Sharafi, M. A. (2022). Arab Cultural Dimensions Model for E-Government Services Adoption in Public Sector Organisations: An Empirical Examination. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 18(1), 9-44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/eg.2022.119608
Bentler, P. M., and Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bergh, D. V. D., Clyde, M. A., Gupta, A., de Jong, T., Gronau, Q. F., Marsman, M., Ly, A., and Wagenmakers, E. J. (2021). A Tutorial on Bayesian Multi-Model Linear Regression with Bas and JASP. Behavior Research Methods, 53(6), 2351-2371.
doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01552-2
Bharanitharan, D. K., Lowe, K. B., Bahmannia, S., Chen, Z. X. and Cui, L. (2021). Seeing Is Not Believing: Leader Humility, Hypocrisy, and Their Impact on Followers' Behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(2), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101440
Biderman, M. D., McAbee, S. T., Hendy, N. T., and Chen, Z. J. (2019). Validity of Evaluative Factors from Big Five and Hexaco Questionnaires. Journal of Research in Personality, 80, 84-96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.04.010
Blanca, M. J., Arnau, J., López-Montiel, D., Bono, R. and Bendayan, R. (2013). Skewness and Kurtosis in Real Data Samples. Methodology, 9(2), 78-84.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000057
Burton, N. (2021). Heaven and Hell: The Psychology of the Emotions: Acheron Press.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The Scree Test for the Number of Factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245-276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
Chancellor, J., and Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble Beginnings: Current Trends, State Perspectives, and Hallmarks of Humility. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 819-833. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12069
Chikodili, N. B., Abdulmalik, M. D., Abisoye, O. A., and Bashir, S. A. (2021). Outlier Detection in Multivariate Time Series Data Using a Fusion of K-Medoid, Standardized Euclidean Distance and Z-Score. In S. Misra and B. Muhammad-Bello (Eds.), Information and Communication Technology and Applications (pp. 259-271). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69143-1_21.
Cho, E. (2021). Neither Cronbach's Alpha nor Mcdonald's Omega: A Commentary on Sijtsma and Pfadt. Psychometrika, 86(4), 877-886. doi:10.1007/s11336-021-09801-1
Clark, L. A., and Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
Comrey, A. L. (1962). The Minimum Residual Method of Factor Analysis. Psychological Reports, 11(1), 15-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1962.11.1.15
Coppola, W. J. (2021). Students’ Social Perceptions of Humility and Arrogance among Band Directors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 69(3), 284-302.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429420981675
Crawford, C. (1975). A Comparison of the Direct Oblimin and Primary Parsimony Methods of Oblique Rotation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 28(2), 201-213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1975.tb00563.x
Davis, D. E., McElroy, S., Choe, E., Westbrook, C. J., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J., Sandage, S. J., and Placeres, V. (2017). Development of the Experiences of Humility Scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 45(1), 3-16.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711704500101
Dennis, R. and Winston, B. E. (2003). A Factor Analysis of Page and Wong’s Servant Leadership Instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(8), 455-459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310505885
Dennis, R. S., and Bocarnea, M. (2005). Development of the Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(8), 600-615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510633692
Ekinci, A. (2015). Development of the School Principals’ Servant Leadership Behaviors Scale and Evaluation of Servant Leadership Behaviors According to Teachers’ Views. Education and Science, 40(179), 341-360. doi:https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2015.2152
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., and Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant Leadership: A Systematic Review and Call for Future Research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Fallatah, M. I. (2021). Innovating in the Desert: A Network Perspective on Knowledge Creation in Developing Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(3), 1533-1551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00755-4
Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the Factorial Structures of Personality Ratings from Different Sour Sources. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 44(3), 329-344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057198
Foronda, C., Porter, A., and Phitwong, A. (2021). Psychometric Testing of an Instrument to Measure Cultural Humility. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(4), 399-404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620950420
Garner, S. L., Koch, H., George, C. E., Hitchcock, J., Norman, G., Green, G., Young, P., and Mahid, Z. (2021). Cross Cultural Team Collaboration: Integrating Cultural Humility in Mhealth Development and Research. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 46(4), 345-354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17538157.2021.1895168
Gerson, S. (2006). In Praise of Modest Men: Self-Display and Self-Effacement in Nineteenth-Century France. French History, 20(2), 182-203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/cri060
Gill, C. M. H. D., and Berezina, E. (2019). Modeling Personality Structure Using Semantic Relationships: Is the Hexaco Honesty-Humility a Distinct Trait? Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 12(1), 89-103. doi:https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2019.0107
González-Estrada, E., and Cosmes, W. (2019). Shapiro–Wilk Test for Skew Normal Distributions Based on Data Transformations. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 89(17), 3258-3272. doi:10.1080/00949655.2019.1658763
Greenleaf, R. K. (2008). The Servant as Leader (Revised edition). Westfield, IN: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership.
Haggard, M., Rowatt, W. C., Leman, J. C., Meagher, B., Moore, C., Fergus, T., Whitcomb, D., Battaly, H., Baehr, J., and Howard-Snyder, D. (2018). Finding Middle Ground between Intellectual Arrogance and Intellectual Servility: Development and Assessment of the Limitations-Owning Intellectual Humility Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 184-193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.014
Hale, J. R., and Fields, D. (2013). A Cross-Cultural Measure of Servant Leadership Behaviors. In M. C. Bocarnea, R. A. Reynolds, and J. D. Baker (Eds.), Online Instruments, Data Collection, and Electronic Measurements: Organizational Advancements (pp. 152-163). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2172-5.ch009.
Hancock, G. R., and An, J. (2020). A Closed-Form Alternative for Estimating ? Reliability under Unidimensionality. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 18(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15366367.2019.1656049
Hare, W. (1992). Humility as a Virtue in Teaching. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 26(2), 227-236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.1992.tb00283.x
Henley, A. B., Shook, C. L., and Peterson, M. (2006). The Presence of Equivalent Models in Strategic Management Research Using Structural Equation Modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 9(4), 516-535. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106290195
Hu, L. T., and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jackson, J. E. (1991). A User's Guide to Principal Components. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The Varimax Criterion for Analytic Rotation in Factor Analysis. Psychometrika, 23(3), 187-200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02289233
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575
Kelemen, T. K., Matthews, S. H., Matthews, M. J., and Henry, S. E. (2022). Humble Leadership: A Review and Synthesis of Leader Expressed Humility. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Early View(Early View), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2608
Khan, R. A., and Qudrat-Ullah, H. (2021). Technology Adoption in Saudi Arabia. In R. A. Khan and H. Qudrat-Ullah (Eds.), Adoption of Lms in Higher Educational Institutions of the Middle East (pp. 19-26). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50112-9_4.
Kmetty, Z., and Stefkovics, Á. (2021). Assessing the Effect of Questionnaire Design on Unit and Item-Nonresponse: Evidence from an Online Experiment. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, latest article(latest article), 1-14.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2021.1929714
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2018). Humility in Servant Leadership among Christian Student Leaders: A Longitudinal Pilot Study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 46(4), 253-267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647118807177
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Haggard, M. C., LaBouff, J. P., and Rowatt, W. C. (2020). Links between Intellectual Humility and Acquiring Knowledge. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 155-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579359
Kruse, E., Chancellor, J., and Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). State Humility: Measurement, Conceptual Validation, and Intrapersonal Processes. Self and Identity, 16(4), 399-438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1267662
LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J.-A., and Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble Persons Are More Helpful Than Less Humble Persons: Evidence from Three Studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 16-29.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.626787
Lee, K., and Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric Properties of the Hexaco Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behav Res, 39(2), 329-358.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
Lee, K., and Ashton, M. C. (2007). Factor Analysis in Personality Research. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, and R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (pp. 424-443). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Looney, S. W. (1995). How to Use Tests for Univariate Normality to Assess Multivariate Normality. The American Statistician, 49(1), 64-70.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1995.10476117
MacCallum, R. C., Wegener, D. T., Uchino, B. N., and Fabrigar, L. R. (1993). The Problem of Equivalent Models in Applications of Covariance Structure Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 185-199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.185
McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Worthington, E. L., and Hook, J. N. (2019). Embarrassment of Riches in the Measurement of Humility: A Critical Review of 22 Measures. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 393-404.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1460686
Miles, J., and Shevlin, M. (2007). A Time and a Place for Incremental Fit Indices. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 869-874.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.022
Morris, J. A., Brotheridge, C. M., and Urbanski, J. C. (2016). Bringing Humility to Leadership: Antecedents and Consequences of Leader Humility. Human Relations, 58(10), 1323-1350. doi:10.1177/0018726705059929
Nevo, J. (1998). Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(3), 34-53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209808701231
Nichols, J. D. (2011). Teachers as Servant Leaders. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Nunnally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (Third edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page, D., and Wong, P. T. P. (2000). Conceptual Framework for Measuring Servant-Leadership. In S. B.-S. K. Adjibolosoo (Ed.), The Human Factor in Shaping the Course of History and Development (pp. 69?110). Washington, DC: American University Press.
Price, H. E., and Weatherby, K. (2018). The Global Teaching Profession: How Treating Teachers as Knowledge Workers Improves the Esteem of the Teaching Profession. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(1), 113-149.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1394882
Qin, X., Liu, X., Brown, J. A., Zheng, X., and Owens, B. P. (2021). Humility Harmonized? Exploring Whether and How Leader and Employee Humility (in)Congruence Influences Employee Citizenship and Deviance Behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 170(1), 147-165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04250-4
Reed, L. L., Vidaver-Cohen, D., and Colwell, S. R. (2011). A New Scale to Measure Executive Servant Leadership: Development, Analysis, and Implications for Research. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3), 415-434. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0729-1
Reid, W. A., Bud West, G. R., Winston, B. E., and Wood, J. A. (2014). An Instrument to Measure Level 5 Leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(1), 17-32.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21317
Roberts, L. D., and Allen, P. J. (2015). Exploring Ethical Issues Associated with Using Online Surveys in Educational Research. Educational Research and Evaluation, 21(2), 95-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2015.1024421
Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S., and Labouff, J. (2006). Development and Initial Validation of an Implicit Measure of Humility Relative to Arrogance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(4), 198-211.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600885671
Salisu, B., and Awang, S. R. (2019). Pretesting a Political Skill Scale in a Sample of Teacher-Leaders from Polytechnics in Northeast Nigeria. Psychological Thought, 12(2), 277-292. doi: https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v12i2.387
Sasagawa, M., and Amieux, P. S. (2019). Dispositional Humility of Clinicians in an Interprofessional Primary Care Environment: A Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 12, 925-934. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S226631
Saucier, G. (2009). Recurrent Personality Dimensions in Inclusive Lexical Studies: Indications for a Big Six Structure. Journal of Personality, 77(5), 1577-1614. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00593.x
Sendjaya, S., and Cooper, B. (2011). Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale: A Hierarchical Model and Test of Construct Validity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 416-436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13594321003590549
Shafai, A. A. (2021). Servant-Leadership in Higher Education in Saudi Arabia. In P. Mathew, J. Song, S. R. Ferch, and L. C. Spears (Eds.), Global Servant-Leadership: Wisdom, Love and Legitimate Power in the Age of Chaos (pp. 253-276). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
Shi, D., Lee, T., and Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2019). Understanding the Model Size Effect on SEM Fit Indices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(2), 310-334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164418783530
Sischka, P. E., Decieux, J. P., Mergener, A., Neufang, K. M., and Schmidt, A. F. (2020). The Impact of Forced Answering and Reactance on Answering Behavior in Online Surveys. Social Science Computer Review, OnlineFirst(OnlineFirst), 1-21.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320907067
Sousa, M., and Van Dierendonck, D. (2015). Introducing a Short Measure of Shared Servant Leadership Impacting Team Performance through Team Behavioral Integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(2002), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02002
Sousa, M., and van Dierendonck, D. (2017). Servant Leadership and the Effect of the Interaction between Humility, Action, and Hierarchical Power on Follower Engagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 141(1), 13-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2725-y
Sousa, M., and van Dierendonck, D. (2021). Serving the Need of People: The Case for Servant Leadership against Populism. Journal of Change Management, 21(2), 222-241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917494
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the Limitations of Global Fit Assessment in Structural Equation Modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Swain, J. E., and Murray, E. D. (2020). Assessing Leader Humility. Journal of College and Character, 21(3), 204-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587x.2020.1781657
Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using Multivariate Statistics (Sixth edition). Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Educat ion Limited.
Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., Zettler, I., and Moshagen, M. (2017). On Measuring the Sixth Basic Personality Dimension: A Comparison between Hexaco Honesty-Humility and Big Six Honesty-Propriety. Assessment, 24(8), 1024-1036.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116638411
Thompson, M. C. (2019). Being Young, Male and Saudi: Identity and Politics in a Globalized Kingdom. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Tomarken, A. J., and Waller, N. G. (2003). Potential Problems with "Well Fitting" Models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 578-598. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.578
Van Dierendonck, D., and Nuijten, I. (2011). The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), 249-267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9194-1
Verdorfer, A. P. (2016). Examining Mindfulness and Its Relations to Humility, Motivation to Lead, and Actual Servant Leadership Behaviors. Mindfulness, 7(4), 950-961. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0534-8
Wang, J., Zhang, Z., and Jia, M. (2017). Understanding How Leader Humility Enhances Employee Creativity: The Roles of Perspective Taking and Cognitive Reappraisal. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), 5-31.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886316678907
Watkins, C. E. (2020). Relational Humility and Clinical Supervision: On Hypotheses, Method, and Measurement. The Clinical Supervisor, 39(2), 148-167.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2020.1744056
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219-246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
Westland, J. C. (2019). Structural Equation Models: From Paths to Networks (Second edition). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Willis, A. S. (2021). Teachers’ Cultural, Social and Emotional Capabilities: How Teacher Compassion and Humility Is an Antecedent to Student Confidence. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, latest article(latest article), 1-18.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2021.1884122
Wolfteich, C. E., Ruffing, E. G., Crabtree, S. A., Devor, N. G., and Sandage, S. J. (2021). Humility and Religious Leadership: A Qualitative Study of Theology and Practice. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 23(3), 231-254.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2019.1691967
Wright, J. C., Nadelhoffer, T., Ross, T. L., and Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2018). Be It Ever So Humble: Proposing a Dual-Dimension Account and Measurement of Humility. Self and Identity, 17(1), 92-125. doi:http:///doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1327454
Xu, J., Mao, J.-Y., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Bad Time to Be Humble! When and Why Leaders Should Not Be Humble. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(1), 14-24. doi:10.1108/lodj-06-2021-0254
Zhang, G., and Preacher, K. J. (2015). Factor Rotation and Standard Errors in Exploratory Factor Analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 40(6), 579-603. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998615606098

In-Text Citation: (Alsaiari et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Alsaiari, T. M.N., Panatik, S. A., & Ibrahim, A. B. (2022). Factor Structure and Reliability of A Servant Leader Humility Scale. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(4), 863–881.