ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
In light of climate change and sustainable development issues, holistic flood risk reduction strategies must be integrated into policy initiatives to reduce flood threats. Numerous countries have been devastated by recent floods, which have claimed many lives and wrecked the economy in the affected areas. In most nations, there are public policies in place to mitigate the impact of flooding on citizens. Policies adopted are mostly based on international frameworks, including the Yokohama Strategy, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. With the help of international frameworks, Malaysia has also developed several disaster guidelines and public policies. Some people died as a result of their failure to escape from the floodwaters, but many more were injured. Since Malaysia is plagued by floods, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of Malaysian public policy related to flood management. This qualitative research examines and evaluates publications from a variety of sources, especially published journal articles. The findings revealed that Malaysia lacks an effective legislative framework to integrate policies and mechanisms for flood management. Directive No. 20 of the National Security Council provides precise standards, but it must also rely on a range of regulations not specifically adopted for flood control. Besides that, the Directive is formulated to cater to general disasters and is not specifically focused on the flood. The Directive also did not highlight the need to engage citizens in flood management. Besides that, some local plans are less concerned with the criteria that help to inculcate preparedness in the face of flood risk. Policymakers in Malaysia should be able to use the findings of this research to craft a public policy that specifically addresses the country's flood concerns. Scholars are encouraged to conduct an additional study to obtain a better understanding of public policy issues in Malaysia, particularly floods.
Aldrich, D. P., Oum, S., & Sawada, Y. (2015). Resilience and Recovery in Asian Disasters, Springer.
Atreya, A., Ferreira, S., & Kriesel, W. (2013). Forgetting the Flood? An analysis of the flood risk discount over time. Land Economics, 89(4), 577–596
Badrudin, A. R. (2012). Issues of Disaster Management Preparedness: A Case Study of Directive 20 of National Security Council Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 3(5), 85-86.
Baudoin, M. A., & Wolde-Georgis, T. (2015). Disaster Risk Reduction Efforts in the Greater Horn of Africa. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 6(1), 49–61.
Billa, L., Mansor, S., & Mahmud, A. R. (2004). Spatial information technology in flood early warning systems: an overview of theory, application and latest developments in Malaysia. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13(5), 356-363
Chan, N. W. (2012). Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East Asia and Policy Responses, 503–551. December.
Chan, N. W. (2012). Impacts of Disasters and Disasters Risk Management in Malaysia: The Case of Floods. in Sawada, Y. and S. Oum (eds.), Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East Asia and Policy Responses. ERIA Research Project Report 2011-8, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.497-545.
Chan, S. W., Abid, S. K., Sulaiman, N., Nazir, U., & Azam, K. (2022). A systematic review of the flood vulnerability using a geographic information system. Heliyon, 8(3), 1-11.
Comfort, L. K., & Kapucu, N. (2006). Inter-organizational coordination in extreme events: The World Trade Center attacks, September 11, 2001. Natural Hazards, 39(2), 309–327
Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: a conceptual framework. Cities, 35, 89–99.
Elias, Z., Hamin, Z., & Othman, M. B. (2013). Sustainable Management of Flood Risks in Malaysia: Some lessons from the legislation in England and Wales. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, 491 – 497.
Gallagher, J. (2014). Learning about an infrequent event: evidence from flood insurance take-up in the United States. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 6(3), 206e233.
Hamin, Z., Othman, M. B., & Elias, Z. (2013). Floating on a Legislative Framework in Flood Management in Malaysia: Lessons from the United Kingdom. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 277 – 283.
Hussain, S., Rokiah, T. P., Abd Rahim, M. N., & Hamidi, I. (2014). The level of satisfaction towards flood management system in Kelantan, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 22(1), 257-269.
Inglesby, T. V. (2011). Progress in Disaster Planning and Preparedness Since 2001. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 306(12), 1372-1373
Ismail, H., Abd Wahab, A. K., Mohd Amin, M. F., Mohd Yunus, M. Z., Jaffar Sidek, F. & Esfandier, J. B. (2012). A 3-tier tsunami vulnerability assessment technique for the north-west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Natural Hazards, 63(2), 549-573.
Jamaludin, I. S., & Sulaiman, N. (2018). Malaysia resilient initiative: case study of Melaka into resilient city. Planning Malaysia,, 16(5), 15–24.
Karki, T. (2016). How capable are local residents and local governments at coping with and adapting to flood disasters in Malaysian cities?: A case study of two cities from Johor state Malaysia Sustainable Cities Program Working Paper Series
Katuk, N., Ku-Mahamud, K. R., Norwawi, N., & Deris, S. (2009). Web-based support system for flood response operation in Malaysia. Disaster Prevention and Management, 18(3), 327-337
Khalid, M. S., & Shafiai, S. (2015). Flood disaster management in Malaysia: An evaluation of the effectiveness flood delivery system. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(4), 398-402.
Kundzewicz, Z. W., & Takeuchi, K (1999). Flood Protection and Management: quo vadimus? Hydrological Sciences Journal, 44(3), 417-432.
Leman, A. M., Rahman, K. A., Salleh, M. N. M., Baba, I., Feriyanto, D., Johnson, L. S. C., & Hidayah, S. N. (2016). A review of flood catastrophic management in Malaysia. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(14), 8738-8742.
Majlis Keselamatan Negara (2021, December 28). Sejarah Majlis Keselamatan Negara. https://www.mkn.gov.my/page/sejarah
Maznieda, M., Dalila, R., Rosnah, S., Rohaida, I., Rosmanajihah, M. L., Mizanurfakhri, G., & Nurhanie, M. (2022). The soft skills emergency management that matters at the hardest time: A phenomenology study of healthcare worker’s experiences during Kelantan flood 2014. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 75, 102916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102916
McBean, G. A., & Rodgers, C. (2010). Climate hazards and disasters: the need for capacity building. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: Climate Change, 1(6), 871-884
Mees, H., Driessen, P. P. J. ,& Runhaar, H. (2014). Legitimate adaptive flood risk governance beyond the dikes: the cases of Hamburg, Helsinki and Rotterdam. Regional Environmental Change, 14(2), 671-682.
Yunus, M. Y. (2022). Kerajaan negeri, PBT perlu sokong dasar tangani banjir. Sinar Harian. https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/204331/BERITA/Nasional/Kerajaan-negeri- PBT-perlu-sokong-dasar-tangani-banjir
Mohit, M. A., & Sellu, G. M. (2013). Mitigation of climate change effects through non-structural flood disaster management in Pekan Town, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 564–573.
Monteil, C., Foulquier, P., Defossez, S., Péroche, M., & Vinet, F. (2022). Rethinking the share of responsibilities in disaster preparedness to encourage individual preparedness for flash floods in urban areas. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 67, 102663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102663
Nollkaemper, A. (2018). The duality of shared responsibility, Contemp. Polit. 24. 524–544.
Norizan, N. Z. A., Hassan, N., & Yusoff, M. (2021). Strengthening flood resilient development in Malaysia through integration of flood risk reduction measures in local plans. Land Use Policy, 102, 1-11.
Obeta, M. C. (2014). Institutional approach to flood disaster management in Nigeria: Need for a preparedness plan, British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4, 4576–4590. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2014/11844
Olowu, D. (2010). The Hyogo Framework for Action and its implications for disaster management and reduction in Africa. Ja`mba´, Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 3(1), 303–320.
Othman, M., Ahmad, M. N., Suliman, A., Arshad, N. H., & Maidin, S. S. (2014). COBIT principles to govern flood management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 9, 212-223.
Perera, R., & Khailani, D. K. (2017). Development plan as a tool to improve the disaster resilience of Urban areas. In: Yan, W., Galloway, W. (Eds.), Rethinking Resilience, Adaptation and Transformation in a Time of Change. Springer International Publishing.
Poterie, A. T. D. L., & Baudoin, M. A. (2015). From Yokohama to Sendai: Approaches to participation in international disaster risk reduction frameworks. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(2), 128–139.
Restemeyer, B., Woltjer, J., & Brink, M. V. D. (2015). A strategy-based framework for assessing the flood resilience of cities - A Hamburg case study. Planning Theory and Practice, 16(1), 45–62.
Roosli, R., & O'Brien, G. (2011). Social learning in managing disasters in Malaysia. Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(4), 386-397.
Roosli, R., O'Keefe, P., & Mydin, M. A. O. (2013). Evolution of disaster planning and housing in Malaysia: A reviews. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21(7), 945-959.
Saavedraa, C., & Budd, W. W. (2009). Climate change and environmental planning: Working to build community resilience and adaptive capacity in Washington State, USA. Habitat International, 33(3), 246–252.
Said, A. M. & Ahmadun, F. (2017). Disaster Management: Lessons From Man-made Disasters. Serdang, Selangor. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
Salleh, N. A., & Mustaffa, C. S., & Ariffin, M. T. (2013). Proposing instrument to measure impression management among flood victims. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(6), 538-542.
Sayers, P. (2013). The effectiveness of flood management. A case study of England, World Meteorological Organization, 1–47.
Shafiaia, S., & Khalid, M. S. (2016). Flood disaster management in Malaysia: A review of issues of flood disaster relief during and post-disaster. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 163-170.
Shao, W., Xian, S., Lin, N., & Small, M. J. (2017). A sequential model to link contextual risk, perception and public support for flood adaptation policy. Water Research, 122, 216-225.
Shariff, N. N. M., & Hamidi, Z. S. (2016). Preparedness plan for flood: Lesson learned from Malaysia's East Coast Flood 2014. International Conference-Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction, 25–41.
Sobian, A. (2016). An Overview of the Participation of Community and Faith-Based Organisations (FBO) in Disaster Preparedness in Malays. TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World, 9, 87–111.
Stefanovic, I. L. (2003). The contribution of philosophy to hazards assessment and decision making. Nat. Hazards 28(2e3), 229e247.
Sternberg, T., & Batbuyan, B. (2013). Integrating the Hyogo Framework into Mongolia's disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy and management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 5, 1–9.
UN (2015). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 3 June 2015 - 69/283. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/ globalcompact/A_RES_69_283.pdf.
UN. (2016). Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction.
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/852089?ln=en
UNDRR. (2021). United Nations DesInventar Open Source Initiative - Official Website. https://www.desinventar.net
UNIDSR. (2007). Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.
www.unisdr.org/files/1037_hyogoframeworkforactionenglish.pdf
UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf.
Wahlstrom, M. (2015). New Sendai Framework Strengthens Focus on Reducing Disaster Risk. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(2), 200–201.
Walz, Y., Min, A., Dall, K., Duguru, M., de Leon, J. C. V., Graw, V., Dubovyk, O., Sebesvari, Z., Jordaan, A., & Post, J. (2020). Monitoring progress of the Sendai Framework using a geospatial model: The example of people affected by agricultural droughts in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Progress in Disaster Science, 5, 1–12.
Wenger, C. (2017). The oak or the reed: how resilience theories are translated into disaster management policies. Ecol. Soc. 22(3), 18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09491-220318
Zaidi, R. Z., & Fordham, M. (2021). The missing half of the Sendai framework: Gender and women in the implementation of global disaster risk reduction policy. Progress in Disaster Science, 10, 1-7.
Zhou, L., Perera, S., Jayawickrama, J. & Adeniyi, O. (2014). The implication of hyogo framework for action for disaster resilience education. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 576-583.
Zia, A., & Wagner, C. H. (2015). Mainstreaming early warning systems in development and planning processes: Multilevel implementation of Sendai framework in Indus and Sahel. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 6(2). 189-199.
In-Text Citation: (Ridzuan et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Ridzuan, M. R., Razali, J. R., Soon Yew, J., & Rahman, N. A. S. A. (2022). An Analysis of Malaysian Public Policy in Disaster Risk Reduction: An Endeavour of Mitigating the Impacts of Flood in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7), 2006 – 2021.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode