ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Higher education has become undisputed platform of autonomous learning in which students must learn to self-regulate their own learning and apply it within their environment. Likewise, applying learning strategies has been associated with academic performance as it is proven able to increase the probabilities of students’ success rates in universities. Past studies revealed that students often fail to benefit from the learning strategies as they repeatedly adopted ineffective strategies when studying and many could not even recognize the use of certain strategies to regulate their learning. This study examines various learning strategies among postgraduate students in one of the largest public universities in Malaysia. This study employs quantitative method using the 5-likert scale survey instruments adapted from Wenden and Rubin (1987). Results from the survey indicated high mean value for all the components of learning strategies consist of cognitive strategy, metacognitive self-regulation, and resource management. This revealed that postgraduate students have employed the learning strategies in their studies just as the undergraduate students. For future research more variables should be tested to determine the relationship of the learning strategies with other predictors and consider using qualitative data and socio-psychological research to maximize the evidence-based implementation for the learning technique and broaden understanding of the characteristics studied.
Alarcon Diaz, M. A., Alcas Zapata, N., Alarcon Diaz, H. H., Arroyo, N. J. A., & Fuentes, R. A. (2019). Use of Learning Strategies in the University. A Case Study. Journal of Educational Psychology-Propositos y Representaciones, 7(1), 23-32.
Avila, E. C., & Genio, A. M. G. J. (2020). Motivation and learning strategies of education students in online learning during pandemic. Psychology and Education Journal, 57(9), 1608-1614.
Belletti, C., & Vaillant, D. (2022) Self-regulation and Learning Strategies of Beginner and Advanced University Students. Cuad. Investig. Educ, Vol 13 (2), Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18861/cied.2022.13.2.3255
Bens, I. (2012). Facilitating with Ease!. San Francisco, CA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jossey-Bass.
Bjork, R. A., Dunlosky, J., & Kornell, N. (2013). Self-regulated learning: Beliefs, techniques, and illusions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 417-444.
Blasiman, R. N., Dunlosky, J., & Rawson, K. A. (2017). The what, how much, and when of study strategies: Comparing intended versus actual study behaviour. Memory, 25(6), 784-792.
Braten, I., & Olaussen, B. S. (1998). The relationship between motivational beliefs and learning strategy use among Norwegian college students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 23, 182-194.
Che Soh, M., Puteh, F., Mahmud, M. B., Abdul Rahim, M., Soegiono, A. G., & Rahmat, N. M. (2022). Investigating the Source of Motivation for Online Learning. International Journal of
Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 2189–2208. DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i1/11411
Cho, S., & Ahn, D. (2003). Strategy acquisition and maintenance of gifted and non-gifted young
children. Council for Exceptional Children, 69(4), 497-505.
Colman, H. (2022). 6 Adult Learning Theories and How to Put Them into Practice, E-learning basics; accessed at https://www.ispringsolutions.com/blog/adult-learning-theories
accessed on 14/09/2022
Cleary, T. J., & Platten, P. (2013). Examining the correspondence between self-regulated learning and academic achievement: A case study analysis. Education Research International, 2013.
Deak, V., & Santoso, R. (2021) Learning Strategies And Applications In Learning Achievements, International Journal Of Social And Management Studies (IJOMAS), Vol 2 (4) https://www.ijosmas.org e-issn: 2775-0809
Donker, A. S., De Boer, H., Kostons, D., Van Ewijk, C. D., & Van der Werf, M. P. (2014). Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 11, 1-26.
Emaliana, I. (2017). Teacher-centered or student-centered learning approach to promote learning?. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora (JSH), 10(2), 59-70.
Endres, T., Leber, J., Böttger, C., Rovers, S., & Renkl, A. (2021). Improving lifelong learning by fostering students’ learning strategies at university. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 20(1), 144-160.
Eshel, Y,. & Kohavi, R. (2003). Perceived classroom control, self-regulated learning strategies,
and academic achievement. Educational Psychology, 23(3), 249-260.
Fernandez, C., Llinares, S., & Valls, J. (2013). Primary school teacher’s noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in problem solving. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 10(1), 441-468.
Gonzalez, J. (2016) Powerful Learning Strategies You MUST Share with Students; Online materials available at https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/learning-strategies/: accessed on 10/09/2022
Hasan, H., Karwan, D. H. D., Een, Y. H., Riswanti, R., & Ujang, S. (2021). Motivation and Learning Strategies Student Motivation Affects Student Learning Strategies. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 39-49.
Hederich-Martinez, C., Camargo-Uribe, A., & Lopez-Vargas, O. (2018). Motivation and use of learning strategies in students, men and women, with different level of schooling. Journal of Psychological and Educational Research, 26(1), 121-146.
Kapasia, N., Paul, P., Roy, A., Saha, J., Zaveri, A., Mallick, R., ... & Chouhan, P. (2020). Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and youth services review, 116, 105194.
Lokman, A., Hassan, F., Ustadi, Y. A., Rahman, F. A. A., Zain, Z. M., & Rahmat, N. H. (2021) Investigating Motivation for Learning Via Vroom’s Theory. International Journal of Academic Research in Business Studies and Social Sciences, Vol 11(12), pp 504-530. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i1/11749
Mandl, H., & Friedrich, H. F. (2006) Handbuch Lernstrategien Handbook of Learning Strategies. Gottingen: Hogrefe.
McWhaw, K., & Abrami, P. C. (2991). Student goal orientation and interest: Effects on students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, 311-329.
Montero, C. R., & Arizmendiarrieta, B. S. (2017). The effectiveness of a learning strategies program for university students, Psicothema, Vol 29 (4), pp 527-531. Retrieved from doi: 10.7334/psicothema2016.171
Nunnally, J. C. (1978) Psychometric theory. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Oxford, R. L., & Burry-Stock, J. A. (1995). Assessing the Language Learning Strategies Worldwide with the ESL/EFL version of the Strategy Inventory Language Learning. System, 23, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(94)00047-A
Paudel, P. (2019) Learning Strategies Employed in English Language: Perceptions and Practices, Journal of NELTA Gandaki (JoNG), I, pp. 87-99. Retrieved from https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jong/article/view/24463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jong.v1i0.24463
Peixoto, H. M., Peixoto, M. M., & Alves, E. D. (2012). Learning strategies used by undergraduate and postgraduate students in hybrid courses in the area of health. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 20, 551-558.
Rahmat, N. H. (2018) Educational Psychology: A Tool for Language Research. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 4(2), pp 655-668. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.42.655668
Rasmussen, C. (2015) Adults as Learners: Effective Teaching Strategies, Workforce Solutions Conference June 23-24, 2015, Available at
https://www.leadingagemn.org/assets/docs/15_Workforce_103_CreatingEffectiveOrientationPrograms-CRasmussen.pdf
Rovers, S. F., Stalmeijer, R. E., van Merrienboer, J. J., Savelberg, H. H., & De Bruin, A. B. (2018). How and why do students use learning strategies? A mixed methods study on learning strategies and desirable difficulties with effective strategy users. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2501. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.0250 pp1-12.
Simsek, A., & Balaban J. (2010). Learning Strategies of Successful and Unsuccessful University Students, Contemporary Educational Technology, 2010, 1(1), 36-45. Retrieved at https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cet/issue/25719/271397
Shaffie, N., Zin, R. M., & Ismail, S. (2020). Accounting Students’preferences Towards Learning Strategies In Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2(4), 75-88.
Sheikhbardsiri, H., Sheikhasadi, H., Mahani, S. A., & Mohamadi, M. M. D. (2020). Emotional intelligence and learning strategies of postgraduate students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in the southeast of Iran. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 66.
Sizoo, S., Molhatro, N. K., & Bearson, J. M. (2003). Preparing students for a distance learning environment: A comparison of learning strategies of in-class and distance learners. Educational Technology Systems, 31(3), 261-273.
Tran, V. D., Nguyen, T. M. L., Van De, N., Soryaly, C., & Doan, M. N. (2019). Does Cooperative Learning May Enhance the Use of Students' Learning Strategies?. International Journal of Higher Education, 8(4), 79-88.
Tejedor-Garc?a, C., Escudero-Mancebo, D., Gonzalez-Ferreras, C., Cámara-Arenas, E., & Cardenoso-Payo, V. (2017). Evaluating the efficiency of synthetic voice for providing corrective feedback in a pronunciation training tool based on minimal pairs. Proc. SLaTE, Stockholm, Sweden, 26-30.
Uslu, O. (2018). Analysis of variables that affect teaching learning approaches and epistemological beliefs of pre-service teachers by structural equation model. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 4(1), 237-251. DOI:10.21890/ijres.383167
Veenman, M. V. (2011). Alternative assessment of strategy use with self-report instruments: A discussion. Metacognition and learning, 6(2), 205-211.
Wade, S. E., & Trathen, W. (1989). Effects of self-selected study methods on learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 40-47.
Wegner, C., Minnaert, L., and Strehlke, F. (2013); The importance of learning strategies and how the project ‘Kolumbus-Kids’ promotes them successfully; European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education Vol. 1, No. 3.
Wenden, A., and Rubin, J. (1987) Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
In-Text Citation: (Puteh et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Puteh, F., Kassim, A., Devi, S., & Katamba, A. (2022). Postgraduate Use of Learning Strategies: Are the Strategies Related to One Another? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(10), 2718 – 2737.
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode