Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

A Great Dilemma of Workplace Incivility Facing by Faculty Members of Higher Educational Institutes of Pakistan: A Conceptual Paper

Saiqa Anwaar, Yusnita Binti Yusof, Farah Syazrah binti Mohd Ghazalli

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i9/15070

Open access

This research focuses on full-time faculty members of higher educational institutes in Pakistan, where the dilemma of workplace incivility is present, which requires attention to solve. This research addresses critical issues that have yet to be adequately addressed. It describes how full-time faculty members of Pakistan's higher educational institutes experienced incivility, how it effects and what are the coping strategies for workplace incivility. Incivility research has primarily relied on quantitative methodologies to comprehend incivility encounters. However, using qualitative approaches would supplement the quantitative knowledge and maybe shift the topic of study in new directions. The descriptive phenomenological method effectively portrays the events as seen by the employees. The interview questions will include conversations about an uncivil occurrence and their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour during and after the event. The phenomenological technique, guided by interpretivism and constructionism, will adopted for this study's goal. This strategy assisted in illuminating and comprehending the lived experiences stated by faculty members who took part in this study. 10-20 faculty members from different universities will be taken and given detailed accounts of their encounters with workplace incivility. To explore a critical trend that university administrators must recognize since incivility is on the rise and challenging to combat with current regulations. As a result, this study will identify particular actions that faculty at Pakistani Higher Educational Institutions view as workplace incivility (HEIs) and focuses on the coping strategies as well. This study will use Social Network Theory as a theoretical framework for comprehending and investigating disrespect in Pakistani higher education institutions. The transcripts from the participant's interviews will analyze using a phenomenological method, through Atlas ti, yielding several identified themes.

Abid, G., Khan, B., Rafiq, Z., & Ahmed, A. (2015). Workplace incivility: Uncivil activities, antecedents, consequences, and level of incivility. Science International, 27(6), 6307-6312.
Adams, G. A., & Webster, J. R. (2013).Emotional regulation as a mediator between interpersonal mistreatment and distress. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 697-710.
Akar, E., & Dalgic, T. (2018). Understanding online consumers’ purchase intentions: A contribution from social network theory. Behaviour & Information Technology, 37(5), 473-487.
Akinyele, S. T. (2010). A critical assessment of the environmental impact on workers' productivity in Nigeria. Research Journal of Business Management, 4(1), 61-72.
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999).Tit for tat?The spiralling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of management review, 24(3), 452-471.
Anjum, A., & Ming, X. (2018). Combating toxic workplace environment: An empirical study in the context of Pakistan. Journal of Modelling in Management, 13(3), 675-697.
Armstrong, N. (2018). Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care settings: A systematic review. Workplace health & safety, 66(8), 403-410.
Baran, H. (2019).?? yeri nezaketsizli?inin ??e Adanmaya Etkisinde Psikolojik Sermayenin Rolü.Doctoral dissertation, Dumlup?nar University. Kütahya
Bilal, A. R., Fatima, T., & Imran, M. K. (2020). Why ostracized full-time faculty should not be labelled as “low performers”? A qualitative insight from higher education in Pakistan. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 12(5), 805-827.
Bjo¨ rkqvist, K., O¨ sterman, K., & Hjelt-Ba¨ck, M. (1994).Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, (20), 173–184.
Bjo¨ rkqvist, K., O¨ sterman, K., & Lagerspetz, K. M. J. (1994).Sex differences in covert aggression among adults. Aggressive Behavior, (20),27–33.
Buchanan, D. A., & Huczynski, A. A. (2019). Organizational behaviour. Pearson UK.
Bunk, J. A., & Magley, V. J. (2013). The role of appraisals and emotions in understanding experiences of workplace incivility. Journal of occupational health psychology, 18(1), 87-105
Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for Interview Research: The Interview Protocol Refinement Framework. Qualitative Report, 21(5),811-831
Chaudhry, N. I., Mahesar, H. A., & Pathan, S. K. (2017). The mediating role of workplace interpersonal mistreatment: An empirical investigation of banking sector of Pakistan. IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), 1(1), 73-88.
Chris, A. (2019). An Integrative Model and Meta-Analysis of Experienced Incivility and itsCorrelates [Doctoral dissertation, University of Guelph]
Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2009).Patterns and profiles of response to incivility in the workplace. Journal of occupational health psychology, 14(3), 272-288.
Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1579-1605.
Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017).Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3),299–313.
Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017).Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 299-313
Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact. Journal of occupational health psychology, 6(1), 64-80.
Cortina, L. M., Hershcovis, S. M., & Clancy, K. B. (2021). The Embodiment of Insult: A Theory of Biobehavioral Response to Workplace Incivility. Journal of Management, 1-26.
Cortina, L. M., Hershcovis, S. M., & Clancy, K. B. (2022). The embodiment of insult: A theory of biobehavioral response to workplace incivility. Journal of Management, 48(3), 738-763.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
D’Cruz, P., Noronha, E., & Lutgen-Sandvik, P. (2018). Power, subjectivity and context in workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment: Insights from postpositivism. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 13(1), 2-9.
Emirza, S., & Ozturk, E. B. (2021). Leader negative mood and employee-instigated incivility: the role of mood contagion. In Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Everitt, B. S., Skrondal, A. (2010), The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, Cambridge University Press.
Fatima, T., Bilal, A. R., & Imran, M. K. (2020).Phenomenology of Retaliating to Workplace Ostracism in Academia. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(2), 313-335.
Fatima, T., Bilal, A. R., Imran, M. K., & Sarwar, A. (2021)
Fatima, T., Bilal, A. R., and Imran, M. K. (2019), “Workplace ostracism and employee reactions among university teachers in Pakistan”, The Qualitative Report,24 (11), 2759-2777.
Felblinger, D. M. (2008). Incivility and bullying in the workplace and nurses’ shame responses. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 37(2), 234-242.
Ferguson, M. (2012). You cannot leave it at the office: Spillover and crossover of coworker incivility. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(4), 571-588.
Follmer, E. H., Talbot, D. L., Kristof-Brown, A. L., Astrove, S. L., and Billsberry, J. (2018), “Resolution, relief, and resignation: a qualitative study of responses to misfit at work”, Academy of Management Journal, 66(2),440-465
Foulk, T., Woolum, A., & Erez, A. (2016). Catching rudeness is like catching a cold: The contagion effects of low-intensity negative behaviours. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 50-67
Giacalone, R. A., & Greenberg, J. (1997).Antisocial behaviour in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Thematic coding and categorizing. Analyzing qualitative data, 703, 38-56.
Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., Provencher, Y., Mazuritsky, S., & Hausdorf, P. A. (2020). Think before you act: Taking perspective to reduce incivility witnesses’ negative reactions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Kern, J. H., & Grandey, A. A. (2009). Customer incivility as a social stressor: the role of race and racial identity for service employees. Journal of occupational health psychology, 14(1), 46-57.
Krause, J., Croft, D. P., & James, R. (2007). Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: potential applications. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 62(1), 15-27.
Laschinger, H. K. S., Leiter, M. P., Day, A., Gilin-Oore, D., & Mackinnon, S. P. (2012). Building empowering work environments that foster civility and organizational trust: Testing an intervention. Nursing Research, 61(5), 316-325.
Lata, M., & Chaudhary, R. (2020). Workplace spirituality and experienced incivility at work: Modeling Dark Triad as a moderator. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-23.
Layne, D. M., Anderson, E., & Henderson, S. (2019). Examining the presence and sources of incivility within nursing. Journal of nursing management, 27(7), 1505-1511.
Leiter, M. P., Day, A., Oore, D. G., & Spence Laschinger, H. K. (2012). Getting better and staying better: Assessing civility, incivility, distress, and job attitudes one year after a civility intervention. Journal of occupational health psychology, 17(4), 425–434
Leiter, M. P., Laschinger, H. K. S., Day, A., & Oore, D. G. (2011).The impact of civility interventions on employee social behaviour, distress, and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1258–1274.
Leiter, M. P., Price, S. L., & Spence Laschinger, H. K. (2010).Generational differences in distress, attitudes and incivility among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 970-980.
Lim, P. K., Koay, K. Y., & Chong, W. Y. (2020). The effects of abusive supervision, emotional exhaustion and organizational commitment on cyberloafing: a moderated-mediation examination. Internet Research, 31(2), 497-518.
Lim, S., & Lee, A. (2011). Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help?. Journal of occupational health psychology, 16(1), 95-111.
Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: Impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 95-107.
Lim, V. K., & Teo, T. S. (2009). Mind your E-manners: Impact of cyber incivility on employees’ work attitude and behaviour. Information & Management, 46(8), 419-425.
Little, J. W. (2010). Social network theory and educational change. Harvard Education Press.
Liu, W., Sidhu, A., Beacom, A. M., & Valente, T. W. (2017).Social network theory. The international encyclopedia of media effects, 1-12.
Liu, W., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2019). Effect of workplace incivility on OCB through burnout: The moderating role of affective commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(5), 657-669.
Mackey, J. D., Bishoff, J. D., Daniels, S. R., Hochwarter, W. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2019). Incivility’s relationship with workplace outcomes: Enactment as a boundary condition in two samples. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(2), 513-528.
Manifestations of workplace ostracism: an insight into academics' psychological well-being. South Asian Journal of Business Studies,10(3),1-25.
Manning, K. (2017), Organizational Theory in Higher Education, Routledge, London.
Manzoor, M. T., Manzoor, T., & Khan, M. (2020). Workplace incivility: a cynicism booster leading to turnover intentions. Decision (0304-0941), 47(1), 91-99.
Martinez, J. O., & Eisenberg, J. (2019).Incivility and beyond at the top management team level. Organization Management Journal, 16(2), 98-110.
Matthews, R. A., & Ritter, K. J. (2019). Applying adaptation theory to understand experienced incivility processes: Testing the repeated exposure hypothesis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24, 270-285.
Matthews, R. A., & Ritter, K. J. (2019). Applying adaptation theory to understand experienced incivility processes: Testing the repeated exposure hypothesis. Journal of occupational health psychology, 24(2), 270–285.
Meier, L. L., & Gross, S. (2015). Episodes of incivility between subordinates and supervisors: Examining the role of self?control and time with an interaction?record diary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(8), 1096-1113.
Meier, L. L., & Semmer, N. K. (2013). Lack of reciprocity, narcissism, anger, and instigated workplace incivility: A moderated mediation model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), 461-475.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Milam, A. C., Spitzmueller, C., & Penney, L. M. (2009).Investigating individual differences among targets of workplace incivility. Journal of occupational health psychology, 14(1), 58-69.
Miner, K. N., & Cortina, L. M. (2016).Observed workplace incivility toward women, perceptions of interpersonal injustice, and observer occupational well-being: Differential effects for the gender of the observer. Frontiers in psychology, 7,1-12.
Miner, K. N., Diaz, I., & Rinn, A. N. (2017).Incivility, Psychological Distress, and Math Self Concept among Women and Students of Color in STEM. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 23(3), 211-230
Miner, K. N., Diaz, I., Wooderson, R. L., McDonald, J. N., Smittick, A. L., & Lomeli, L. C. (2018). A workplace incivility roadmap: Identifying theoretical speedbumps and alternative routes for future research. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23(3), 320-337.
Miranda, G. A., & Welbourne, J. L. (2021). Examining Incivility Through a Moral Lens: Coworker Morality Appraisals, Other-Condemning Emotions, and Instigated Incivility. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-19.
Montgomery, K., Kane, K., & Vance, C. M. (2004). Accounting for differences in norms of respect: A study of assessments of incivility through the lenses of race and gender. Group & Organization Management, 29(2), 248-268.
Montgomery, K., Kane, K., & Vance, C. M. (2004). Accounting for LIM, CORTINA, AND MAGLEY differences in norms of respect: A study of assessments of incivility through the lenses of race and gender. Group & Organization Management, (29), 248 –268.
Mullen, J. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2013).The effects of interpersonal customer mistreatment on employee retaliation. International Journal of Workplace Health Management.6(2), 118-128.
Nawaz, M., Abid, G., Arya, B., Bhatti, G. A., & Farooqi, S. (2020). Understanding employee thriving: The role of a workplace context, personality and individual resources. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 31(11-12), 1345-1362.
Pritha Bhandari (2022).Triangulation in Research | Guide, Types, Examples
Rabenu, E. (2021). Twenty-First Century Workplace Challenges: Perspectives and Implications for Relationships in New Era Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield.
Schilpzand, P. and Huang, L. (2018), “When and how experienced incivility dissuades proactive performance: an integration of sociometer and self-identity orientation perspectives”, Journal of Applied Psychology,103(8),828-841.
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational behaviour, 37, 57-88.
Schneider, K. T., Wesselmann, E. D., & DeSouza, E. R. (2017).Confronting subtle workplace mistreatment: The importance of leaders as allies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-4.
Scott, J. (1991). Social Network Analysis: A handbook Sage Publications London UK.
Seger, Samian &Dewi(2021)The measurement of workplace incivility in Indonesia: evidence and construct validity.Journal of Psychology Research and Behavior Management Dovepress,217-226
Soltis, S. M., Brass, D. J., & Lepak, D. P. (2018). Social resource management: Integrating social network theory and human resource management. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 537-573.
Suggala, S., Thomas, S., & Kureshi, S. (2021). Impact of workplace bullying on employees’ mental health and self-worth. The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, 799-818.
Ta?kaya, S., & Aksoy, A. (2021).A bibliometric analysis of workplace incivility in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(3), 518-525.

In-Text Citation: (Anwaar et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Anwaar, S., Yusof, Y. B., & Ghazalli, F. S. binti M. (2022). A Great Dilemma of Workplace Incivility Facing by Faculty Members of Higher Educational Institutes of Pakistan: A Conceptual Paper. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(9), 1593 – 1605.