Exploring Items for Measuring Behavioural Intention among Bleisure in Malaysia: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

Abubakar, M. A., & Ilkan, M. (2016). Impact of online WOM on destination trust and intention to travel: A medical tourism perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5(3), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.005.
Abubakar, M. A., Ilkan, M., Al-Tal, R. M., & Eluwole, K. K. (2017). e-WOM, revisit intention, destination trust and gender. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 220-227. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.005.
Alias, N., Awang, Z., & Muda, H. (2019). Policy implementation performance of primary school leaders in Malaysia: An exploratory factor analysis. IIUM Journal of Educational Studies, 7(2), 22-39. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v7i2.222
Al-Khamaiseh, Z., Halim, B. B. A., Afthanorhan, A., Alqahtani, A. H., & Alkhlaifat, B. I. (2019). Exploring and Developing Items Measuring Goal Setting In the Context of Jordan Telecommunication Sector. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(12), 831–847.
Anas, M., Maddiah, N., Eizamly, N., Sulaiman, N., & Wee, H. (2020). Key success factors toward MICE industry: A systematic literature review. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts (JTHCA), 12(1), 188-221.
Awang, Z. (2010). Research Methodology for Business and Social Sciences. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Awang, Z. (2012). Research Methodology and Data Analysis. Penerbit Universiti Teknologi MARA Press.
Awang, Z. (2014). A Handbook on SEM for Academicians and Practitioners: The Step by Step Practical Guides for the Beginners. MPWS Rich Resources.
Awang, Z. (2015). SEM Made Simple: A Gentle Approach to Learning Structural Equation Modeling. MPWS Rich Resources.
Awang, Z., Lim, S. H., & Zainudin, N. F. S. (2018). Pendekatan Mudah SEM- Structural Equation Modelling. MPWS Rich Resources.
Bahkia, A. S., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., Ghazali, P. L., & Foziah, H. (2019). Exploratory Factor Analysis on Occupational Stress in the Context of Malaysia Sewerage Operations. Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings.
Baistaman, J., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., & Abdul Rahim, M. Z. (2020). Developing and validating the measurement model for the financial literacy construct using confirmatory factor analysis. Humanities and Social Science Review, 8(2), 413-422. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8247
Boger, C. A., Ritter, M., & Charmchian, M. (2020). Effects of ideology on visit intention and trust toward a destination. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2020.1832010.
Bozic, S., Jovanovic, T., Tomic, N., & Vasiljevic, D. A. (2017). An analytical scale for domestic tourism motivation and constraints at multi-attraction destinations: The case study of Serbia’s Lower and Middle Danube region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.05.002.
Caicedo-Barreth, A., Santos Pavon, E., Lima Santos, L. (2020). Competitiveness of Guayaquil towards bleisure tourism. European Journal of Tourism Hospitality and Recreation, 10(2), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.2408/ejthr-2020-00010.
Cengizci, A. D., Baser, G., & Karasakal, S. (2020). Exploring Push and Pull Motivations of Russian Tourists to Turkey. Tourism Review International, 24, 127-141. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220X15912253254419.
Chan, L. L., & Idris, N. (2017). Validity and Reliability of The Instrument Using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach alpha. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(10), 400–410.
Choi, M., Law, R., & Heo, C. Y. (2016). Shopping destination and trust- Tourist attitudes: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 54, 490-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.005.
Chon, K. (1986). Understanding Recreational Travellers' Motivation , Attitude and Satisfaction. The Tourist Review, 44(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058009.
Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
Ehido, A., Awang, Z., Halim, B. A., & Ibeabuchi, C. (2020). Developing items for measuring quality of worklife among Malaysian academics: AN exploratory factor analysis procedure. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 8(3), 1259-1309. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83132
Fredriksson, E., & Hakansson, E. (2018). From business to leisure: Convert bleisure tourists to leisure tourists. Tourism Science, 2-70.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1556&context=commpapers
Hair, J. F. J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.
Hoque, A. S. M., Awang, Z., Jusoff, K., Salleh, F., & Muda, H. (2017). Social business efficiency: Instrument development and validation procedure using structural equation modelling. International Business Management, 11(1), 222-231.
https://doi.org/10.3923/ibm.2017.222.231
Hoque, A. S. M., Siddiqui, B. A., Awang, Z. B., & Baharu, S. M. A. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis of entrepreneurial orientation in the context of Bangladesh small and medium entreprises (SMEs). European Journal of Management and Marketing Studies, 3(2), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1292331
Jailani, F., Wee, H., & Bakar, N. A. (2019). Travel motivation, marketing attributes and destination choice among honeymooners in Malaysia. TEAM Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(1), 9-21. https://teamjournalht.files.wordpress.com/2020/03/travel-motivation-marketing-attributes-and-destination-choice-among-honeymooners-in-malaysia-1.pdf
John, S. P., & Larke, R. (2016). An analysis of push and pull motivators investigated in medical tourism research published from 2000 to 2016. Tourism Review International, 20(2-3), 73-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427216X14713104855810
Kerr, G., Cliff, K., & Dolnicar, S. (2012). Harvesting the business test trip- Converting business travellers to holidaymakers. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 29, 405-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.691390
Konar, R., & Hussain, K. (2018). Investigating the expenditure and experience of international conference delegates visiting Malaysia. Journal of Global Business Insights, 3(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.5038/2640-6489.3.2.1034
Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Predicting behavioural intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589-599.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003.
Lee, T., & Crompton, J. (1992). Measuring novelty in tourism seeking. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 732-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90064-V
Liang, H. C. K., & Latip, H. A. (2018). Factors affecting attendees' decision-making in Convention Tourism industry. Advanced Science Letters, 24(6), 4414-4420 (7). http://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.11616
Lichy, J., & McLeay, F. (2017). Bleisure: Motivations and Typologies. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 517- 530. https://doi.10.1080/10548408.2017.1364206.
Liu, J., Wang, C., Fang, S., & Zhang, T. (2019). Scale development for tourist trust toward a tourism destination. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 383-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.07.001
Marinao, E., Chasco, C., & Torres, E. (2012). Trust in tourist destinations: The role of local inhabitants and institutions. Academia, Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 51, 27-47. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/716/71625040003.pdf
Michael, N., Wien, C., & Reisinger, Y. (2017). Push and pull escape travel motivation of Emirati nationals to Australia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(3), 274-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2016-0039
Mohamad, M., Mohammad, M., Ali, M. N. A., & Awang, Z. (2018). The impact of life satisfaction on substance abuse: Delinquency as a mediator. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, Open Access, 23(1), 25-35.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1267021
Mulec, I. (2010) Promotion as a Tool in Sustaining the Destination Marketing Activities. TURIZAM, 14(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.5937/TURIZAM1001013M
N. B. (2015). Mixing business and leisure: "Bleisure", really? [Travel blog post]. The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/03/mixing-business-and-leisure
Ng, S. I., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2007). Tourists' intention to visit a country: The impact of cultural distance. Tourism Management, 28, 1497-1506.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.005.
Noor, N. M., Aziz, A. A., Mostapa, M. R., & Awang, Z. (2015). Validation of the Malay version of the inventory of functional status after childbirth questionnaire. Biomed Research International, 972728. https://doi.10.1155/2015/972728.
Nthebe, S. S. (2016). Hotel front office staff and interest in tourist attractions: Their influencing role in bleisure tourists' visiting intentions [Master thesis, University of South Africa]. University of South Africa Archive.
https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/22949/dissertation_nthebe_ss.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Osman, Z. (2013). An empirical study of direct relationship of service quality, customer satisfaction and customer trust on customer loyalty in Malaysian rural tourism. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts, 5(1), 125-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/c.economics.201501.20
Pearce, A. (2016). Internationalisation strategy implemented through faculty exchange: Strategic entrepreneurship in a "new" UK university. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 10(1), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2016.073243.
Phosikham, T. (2010). Heritage sites as tourist attractions: A case study of Luang Prabang, Lao People’s Democratic Republic [Master’s Thesis, Lincoln University]. Lincoln University Archive. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2584.
Pinho, M., & Marques, J. (2019). Business tourism in Porto: An empirical investigation of its potentialities and development challenges. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 1-11.
Pizam, A., Neumann, Y., & Reichel, A. (1979). Tourist satisfaction: Uses and misuse. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(2), 195–197.
Prayag, G., & Hosany, S. (2014). When the Middle East meets West: Understanding the motives and perceptions of young tourists from the United Arab Emirates. Tourism Management, 40,35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.003.
Pujiastuti, E. E., Nimran, U., Suharyono, S., & Kusumawati, A. (2017). The antecedents of behavioural intention regarding rural tourism destinations. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 1-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1377270.
Rahlin, N. A., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., & Aimran, N. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee safety climate in small manufacturing enterprises: Translation, validation and application of generic safety climate questionnaire. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(2), 104-135.
Salsabila, N., & Alversia, Y. (2019). Examining push-pull motivation and travel intention for potential travellers in Indonesia using Theory of Planned Behaviour. Tourism Development Centre International Conference (TDCIC), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788395720406-004.
Shkeer, A. S., & Awang, Z. (2019). Exploring items for measuring marketing information system construct: An exploratory factor analysis. International Review of Management and Marketing, 9(6), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.8622
Smith, W. W., & Carmichael, B. A. (2007). Domestic business travel in Canada with a focus on the female market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21(1), 65-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J073v21n01_05.
Swan, J. E., Bower, M. R., & Richardson, L. D. (1999). Customer trust in the sales- person: an integrative review and meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Research, 44(2), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00244-0
Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (2007). Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge.
The Travel and Tourism Economic Research. (2006). By World Travel and Tourism Council and Accenture. http://www.wttc.org/2006TSA/pdf/Executive%summary%202006.pdfs
Uysal, M., & Hagan, L. R. (1993). Motivation of pleasure to travel and tourism. In VNR's Encyclopedia of Hospitality and Tourism, by M. Khan, M. Olsen, & T.V.N.R. Var, pp. 798- 810.
Uysal, M., & Jurowski, C. (1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 844–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90091-4.
Viechtbauer, W., Smits, L., Kotz, D., Bude, L., Spingt, M., Serroyen, J., & Crutzen, R. (2015). A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(11), 1375-1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014.
World's Leading Outbound Markets. (2005). International travel series, travel and tourism. http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/reports/index/letter=23&list=reports_index/display/id=144741^anchor=a1447415.
Yahaya, T., Idris, K., Suandi, T., & Ismail, I. (2018). Adapting instruments and modifying statements: The confirmation method for the inventory and model for information sharing behaviour using social media. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 271-281. https://doi.10.5267/j.msl.2018.4.021
Yao, Y. B., Chen, Z. X., & Jia, Y. (2013). Tourist trustworthiness of destination: Dimension and its consequence. Tourism Tribune, 28(4), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2013.04.005
Yousaf, A., Amin, I., & Santos, J. A. C. (2018). Tourists’ motivation to travel: A theoretical perspective on the existing literature. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 24(1), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.24.1.8
Zhang, Y., and Peng, Y. (2014). Understanding Travel Motivations of Chinese Tourists Visiting Cairns, Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2014.07.001
Zheng, M. Y., Chen, C. C., Lin, H. H., Tseng, C. H., & Hsu, C. H. (2021). Research on the impact of popular tourism program involvement on rural tourism image, familiarity, motivation and willingness. Sustainability, 13, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094906.
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business Research Methods. 9th ed. South-Western Cengage Learning.
Zulkepli, M., Sipan, I., & Jibril, J. D. (2017). An Exploratory Factor Analysis and Reliability Analysis for Green Affordable Housing Criteria Instrument. International Journal of Real Estate Studies, 11(4), 9–21.

In-Text Citation: (Sohaili et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Sohaili, N. L. M., Aminudin, N., & Amir, A. F. (2022). Exploring Items for Measuring Behavioural Intention among Bleisure in Malaysia: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11), 1415 – 1433.

Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode