This review aims to provide a glimpse of antecedents at individual and organizational levels to better understand the issue of police integrity. The search process of the previous study was conducted through a reputable electronic database of Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect and was limited to the area of ethics and integrity of the police. The relevant articles found on the topic have been repeatedly reviewed to ensure the authenticity of the results. The literature findings indicated that antecedents of individual traits such as accountability, spiritual values, moral values, and professionalism are important in sustaining police integrity. Meanwhile, organizational characteristics that influence strengthening police integrity are organizational rules, ethical training, and ethical leadership. Notably, it has been a long interest of scholars on the issue of police integrity, and many recent kinds of research have been conducted to explore more antecedents relevant to the current challenges of police work. Future research should be undertaken to scrutinize various antecedents of external influences of police, such as communities’ perception and trust, political authority influences, and economic factors that lead to integrity building of police.
Antrobus, E., Thompson, I., & Ariel, B. (2019). Procedural justice training for police recruits: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(1), 29-53.
Badaracco, J. L., & Ellsworth, R. R. (1991). Leadership, integrity and conflict. Journal of Organizational Change Management.
Bauman, Z. (2013). The individualized society. John Wiley & Sons.
Brown, M. E., Trevino, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 97(2), 117-134.
Celestin, B. D., & Kruschke, J. K. (2019). Lay evaluations of police and civilian use of force: Action severity scales. Law and human behavior, 43(3), 290.
Den Boer, M. (2002). Towards an accountability regime for an emerging European policing governance. Policing & Society, 12(4), 275-289.
Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission. (2022). Statistics_Complaints_Investigation. http://www.eaic.gov.my/en/pusat-sumber/statistik/complaints
Feys, Y., Verhage, A., & Boels, D. (2018). A state-of-the-art review on police accountability: What do we know from empirical studies? International journal of police science & management, 20(3), 225-239.
Heres, L. (2014). One style fit all? The content, origins, and effect of follower expectations of ethical leadership. Nijmegen, Netherlands: Ipskamp Printpartners.
Huberts, L. W. J. C., D. Pijl @ A. Steen. (1999). Integrity and corruption. Police. Studies on Its Operation and Organization. The Netherlands: Samsons, p.57-79
Johnson, T. A., & COX, III, R. W. (2004). Police ethics: Organizational implications. Public Integrity, 7(1), 67-79.
Klockars, C. B., Ivkovic, K. S., & Haberfeld, M. R. (2004). Police integrity in the United States of America. The contours of police integrity, 265-282.
Klockars, C. B. (2000). The measurement of police integrity. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
Kolthoff, E., Erakovich, R., & Lasthuizen, K. (2010). Comparative analysis of ethical leadership and ethical culture in local government: The USA, The Netherlands, Montenegro and Serbia. International Journal of Public Sector Management.
Ivkovic, K. S. (2015). Studying police integrity. In Measuring police integrity across the world (pp. 1-36). Springer, New York, NY.
Lawton, A., Rayner, J., & Lasthuizen, K. (2013). Ethics and management in the public sector. Routledge
Maesschalck, J. (2004). The impact of new public management reforms on public servants’ ethics: Towards a theory. Public administration, 82(2), 465-489.
Moll, J., & de Oliveira-Souza, R. (2007). Moral judgments, emotions and the utilitarian brain. Trends in cognitive sciences, 11(8), 319-321.
Peacock, R., Prpic, M., Ivkovic, K. S., Mraovic, C. I., & Bozovic, V. (2020). Shades of blue: Exploring the code of silence in Croatia and Serbia. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 00(00), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1824872
Ransley, J., Anderson, J., & Prenzler, T. (2007). Civil litigation against police in Australia: Exploring its extent, nature and implications for accountability. Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology, 40(2), 143-160.
Rudhanto, A. W. (2022). Predictors of Citizens' Satisfaction and Trust in Police as a Function of Good Governance and Cooperative Culture. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 9(3), 152-167.
Said, J., Alam, M., Ramli, M., & Rafidi, M. (2017). Integrating ethical values into fraud triangle theory in assessing employee fraud: Evidence from the Malaysian banking industry. Journal of International Studies, 10(2).se follow APA Referencing styles along with DOIs of reference articles.
Seron, C., Pereira, J., & Kovath, J. (2004). Judging police misconduct:“Street?Level” versus professional policing. Law & Society Review, 38(4), 665-710.
Stevulak, C., & Brown, M. P. (2011). Activating public sector ethics in transitional societies: The promise of integrity. Public Integrity, 13(2), 97-112.
Trevino, L. K., Weaver, G. R., Gibson, D. G., & Toffler, B. L. (1999). Managing ethics and legal compliance: What works and what hurts. California management review, 41(2), 131-151.
Trevinyo?Rodríguez, R. N. (2007). Integrity: a systems theory classification. Journal of Management History.
Van Droogenbroeck, F., Spruyt, B., Ivkovic, S. K., & Haberfeld, M. R. (2019). The effects of ethics of training on police integrity. Exploring police integrity (pp. 365–382). Springer.
Jones, V. E. I., & Lasthuizen, K. (2018). Building public sector integrity in Indonesia: the role and challenges of ethical leadership. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 40(3), 175-185.
Wintruba, S. V. (2018). Community Policing and the Public's Perception of Police Misconduct (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
In-Text Citation: (Zakirai@Zakaria et al., 2023)
To Cite this Article: Zakirai@Zakaria, N., Osman, I., Noranee, S., Jidi, M., Eshak, E. S., & Jamian, N. F. (2023). Integrity and Policing: An Analysis of Individual Traits and Organizational Characteristics. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(3), 672 – 678.
Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
