Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

The Effect of Work Motivation and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Teachers’ Job Performance During Movement Control Order in Malaysia

Kesavan Nallaluthan, Kaaminy Kanapathy, Kingston Pal Thamburaj, Komathy Balasundran, Subramaniam Kolandan

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i12/15603

Open access

The extent of the movement control order imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic affected several aspects of teachers' duties, which in turn affected the teachers' overall job performance, particularly for those who were required to work from home. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teachers' levels of work motivation and entrepreneurial orientation, as measured by job performance. In addition, the mediating impacts of working from home, which link work motivation and entrepreneurial orientation to teachers' job performance, were also investigated as part of this study's scope of research. A quantitative methodology was utilized for this investigation. In this particular study, data was collected from a total of 424 respondents using the method of purposive sampling. A questionnaire was administered, which was completed online by the respondents. PLS-SEM analysis was performed with the help of the SmartPLS 4.0 software to analyze the data. According to the findings of the study, teachers' level of job performance is significantly impacted by their level of entrepreneurial orientation and work motivation. In the meantime, work from home acts as a mediator between work motivation and entrepreneurial orientation, which in turn affects teachers' job performance. This study is beneficial to the Malaysian Ministry of Education, particularly the training division, school headmasters, and teachers, as it helps improve the effectiveness of work motivation and the entrepreneurial orientation of teachers, which may lead to increased job performance by teachers.

Abdul Aziz, A. A., Nallaluthan, K., Kanapathy, K., Kho, F. C. Y., & Zainal, M. (2022). The Digital Media Platforms and Students’ Emotional Intelligence during COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI, 15(2), 1-12.
Abdul Aziz, Khaziah & Hussin, Fauzi. (2017). Pengaruh iklim organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja guru di Sekolah Menengah dalam Daerah Kuala Terengganu. Proceedings of the ICECRS, 1(1), 49-58.
Abidi, O., Nimer, K., Bani-Mustafa, A., & Toglaw, S. (2022). Relationship between faculty characteristics and their entrepreneurial orientation in higher education institutions in Kuwait. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 1-22.
Adriana, A., Maria, D., Simona, A. A., Andreea, P., & Ionut, C. (2020). Work Flexibility, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance among Romanian Employees- Implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management. Sustainability 12(15), 1-53.
Alan, F., & Golo, H. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well- being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 1-18.
Yassin, A., Abdulkadir & Abdulkadir, A. (2016). Teacher Motivation and School Performance, the Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction: Survey from Secondary Schools in Mogadishu. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 3(1), 24-38.
Yashak, A., Syafiq, M., Haniff, M., Suzieanna, D., & Faisal, M. (2020). Faktor Motivasi Teori Dua Faktor Herzberg dan Tahap Motivasi Guru Pendidikan Islam. Sains Insani, 5(2), 65-74.
Amabile, T. M. (2013). Componential Theory of Creativity. In: Kessler, E.H., Ed., Encyclopedia of Management Theory, Sage Publications, London, 134-139.
Amin, M. (2015). The effect of entrepreneurship orientation and learning orientation on SMEs’ performance: an SEM-PLS approach. J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 8(3), 215.
Ana, I. O. P. (2018). Factors That Influence Job Satisfaction of Teleworkers: Evidence from Mexico. Global Journal of Business Research, 12(1), 41-49.
Anderson, A. J., Seth A. K., & Ronald, P. V. (2015). The Impact of Telework on Emotional Experience: When, and for Whom, Does Telework Improve Daily Affective Well-Being? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(6), 882-897.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Asmarani, A., Sukarno, S., & El Widdah, M. (2021). The relationship of professional competence with teacher work productivity in Madrasah Aliyah. Nidhomul Haq: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 6(2), 220-235.
Azarbouyeh, Amir, & Seyed, G. J. N. (2014). A Study on the Effect of Teleworking on Quality of Work Life. Management Science Letters, 4(6), 1063-1068.
Balasundran, K., Nallaluthan, K., Yankteshery, V., Harun, K., Lim, P. P., & Gopal, R. (2021). Work from Home and Work Motivation of Teachers Job Satisfaction During Pandemic COVID-19. International Business Education Journal, 14(2), 124-143.
Baskaran, S., Nallaluthan, K., & Kunjuraman, V. (2021). Perception and Readiness towards Indian Ayurvedic Medicine Acceptance to Combat COVID-19 Outbreak: A Multigroup Analysis in PLS Path Modelling. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 318-331.
Belzunegui, E., Angel, & Amaya, E-G. (2020). Teleworking in the Context of the Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability, 12(9), 3662.
Okuyan, B. C., & Begen, M. A. (2022). Working from home during the COVID?19 pandemic, its effects on health, and recommendations: The pandemic and beyond. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(1), 173-179.
Cain, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K. H. (2016). Univariate and multivariate skewness and kurtosis for measuring nonnormality: Prevalence, influence and estimation. Behaviour Research Methods, 49(5), 1716-1735.
Carraher, S. M., Carraher, S. C., & Enterprises, C. (2006). Customer Service, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Performance: A Study in Health Care Organizations in Hong Kong, Italy, New. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 33-48.
Caves, R. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge: ISBN 978-0415862875.
Chih-Chung, W., How-Ming, L., & Tsang-Lang, L. (2017). A Study on Comparing the Relationship among Organizational Commitment, Teachers' Job Satisfaction and Job Involvement of Schools with Urban-Rural Discrepancy. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(6), 762-771.
Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: results from a monte carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189-217.
Chocarro, R., Cortinas, M., & Marcos-Matas, G. (2021). Teachers’ attitudes towards chatbots in education: a technology acceptance model approach considering the effect of social language, bot proactiveness, and users’ characteristics. Educational Studies, 1-19.
Chung & Heejung. (2018). Future of Work and Flexible Working in Estonia: The Case of Employee-Friendly Flexibility. Tallinn: Arenguseire Keskus.
Coenen, Marja, & Robert, A. W. K. (2014). Workplace Flexibility and New Product Development Performance: The Role of Telework and Flexible Work Schedules. European Management Journal, 32(4), 564-576.
Cohen, Aaron, & Efrat, L. (2009). Work-Family Conflict among Female Employees in Israeli Hospitals. Personnel Review, 38(2), 124-141.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). Interpretation and application of factor analytic results. Comrey AL, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis, 2, 1992.
Contreras, Francoise, E. B., & Ghulam, A. (2020). E-Leadership and Teleworking in Times of Covid-19 and Beyond: What We Know and Where Do We Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(3484), 1-11.
Covin, J. G., & Miles, M. P. (1999). Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 23(3), 47-63.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(1), 7-26.
Danish, R. Q., & Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan. International journal of business and management, 5(2), 159-167.
Dhawan, S. (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22.
Dodi, W. I., Khusnul, R. N., & Kenny, R. (2021). Work from Home: Measuring Satisfaction between Work–Life Balance and Work Stress during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(96), 1-13.
Drianto, G., & Supanto, F. (2022). The Influence of Discipline Factors, Work Culture, and Motivation on the Performance of Teachers in State Vocational Schools in Malang City. International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities (IJRSS) ISSN: 2582-6220, DOI: 10.47505/IJRSS, 3(9), 17-27.
Adzovie, E. D., & Jibril, A. B. (2022). Assessment of the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the prospects of e-learning in higher learning institutions: The mediating role of academic innovativeness and technological growth. Cogent Education, 9(1), 2041222.
Ekasari, N., Harsasi, M., Priyati, R. Y., & Qomariah, N. (2022). The Effect of Work from Home (WFH) and Work Discipline on Employee Performance Through Work-Life Balance (WLB) in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Explanatory Study at BPKAD Office, Bondowoso Regency. In Journal of International Conference Proceedings (JICP) (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 112-127).
Elkhaira, I., BP, N. A., Engkizar, E., Munawir, K., Arifin, Z., Asril, Z., & Mathew, I. B. D. (2020). Seven Student Motivations for Choosing the Department of Early Childhood Teacher Education in Higher Education. Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 6(2), 95-108.
Ellis, S. T., & Robert L. W. (1998). IS Managers’ Innovation toward Work from home: A Structural Equation Model. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 168(4), 161-168.
Engelkng, J. L. (1987). Attracting and Retaining Quality Teachers Through Incentives. NASSP Bulletin, 71(1).
Etemad, H. (2022). The evolving international entrepreneurship orientations and international entrepreneurship capital in the rapidly changing and digitizing international environments. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1-30.
Eurofound and the International Labour Office. (2017). Working anytime, anywhere: The effects on the world of work. Geneva: Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, and the International Labour Office.
Evonne, L. E. F., & Crispina, G. K. F. (2017). Hubungan Kepimpinan Pengetua Dengan Motivasi Guru. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2(5), 145-159.
Eyal, O., & Roth, G. (2011). Principals’ leadership and teachers’ motivation: Self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(3), 256–275.
FIRAT, E. A., & Torun, F. (2022). A Structural Equation Modelling of Factors Affecting the Prospective Teachers’ Innovativeness Level. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 9(2), 219-231.
Fisher, Gwenith, G., Carrie, A. B., & Carlla, S. S. (2009). Beyond Work and Family: A Measure of Work/ Non-work Interference and Enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 441-456. https://doi.10.1037/a0016737.
Fonner, K. L., & Michael, E. R. (2010). Why Teleworkers Are More Satisfied with Their Jobs than Are Office-Based Workers: When Less Contact Is Beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(4), 336-361. https://doi.10.1080/00909882.2010.513998.
Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: a comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430-447.
Gajendran, R. S., & David, A. H. (2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Work from home: Meta-Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524-1541. https://doi.10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524.
Galvez, A., Francisco T., & Jose M. A. (2020). ‘Oh! Teleworking!’ Regimes of Engagement and the Lived Experience of Female Spanish Teleworkers. Business Ethics, 29(1), 180-192.
George, T. J., Atwater, L. E., Maneethai, D., & Madera, J. M. (2022). Supporting the productivity and wellbeing of remote workers: Lessons from COVID-19. Organizational Dynamics, 51(2), 100869.
Gerbin, A., & Drnovsek, M. (2020). Knowledge-sharing restrictions in the life sciences: personal and context-specific factors in academia–industry knowledge transfer. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(7), 1533-1557.
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of management information systems, 18(1), 185-214.
Goodman, J. F. (2009). Respect-due and respect-earned: negotiating student–teacher relationships. Ethics and Education, 4(1), 3-17.
Gopinath, R. (2020). Impact of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment among the Academic Leaders of Tamil Nadu Universities. GEDRAG & Organisatie Review, 33(2), 2337-2349.
Gopinath, R. (2020). Prominence of Self-Actualization in Organization. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 11591-11602.
Gurleen, K. S., & Navreet, K. S. (2020). Covid-19: Opinions and Challenges of School Teachers on work from Home. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 10(4), 1-5.
Ha, S. T., Lo, M. C., & Ramayah, T. (2016). Decomposing market orientation and its relationship to innovativeness of SMEs in Malaysia: the moderating effects of market turbulence. J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 9(3), 273.
Hahn, E. D., & Ang, S. H. (2017). From the editors: New directions in the reporting of statistical results in the Journal of World Business. Journal of World Business, 52(2), 125-126.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage.
Hair, J., Risher, J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. (2019), When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
Hajiali, I., Kessi, A. M. F., Budiandriani, B., Prihatin, E., & Sufri, M. M. (2022). Determination of Work Motivation, Leadership Style, Employee Competence on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2(1), 57-69.
Halimatussaediyah, T., & Noraini, A. R. (2015). Kepuasan Kerja: Hubungannya Dengan Prestasi Kerja Dalam Kalangan Kakitangan Yayasan Pembangunan Keluarga Darul Takzim (Ypkdt), Nusajaya, Johor Bahru. Journal of Human Capital Development, 8(2), 115-129.
Harper-Hill, K., Beamish, W., Hay, S., Whelan, M., Kerr, J., Zelenko, O., & Villalba, C. (2022). Teacher engagement in professional learning: what makes the difference to teacher practice?. Studies in Continuing Education, 44(1), 105-118.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
Herbert, B., Fischer, J., & Klieme, E. (2022). How valid are student perceptions of teaching quality across education systems? Learning and Instruction, 82, 101652.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). NewYork John Wiley.
Ho, C. S. M., Bryant, D. A., & Jiafang, L. (2022). Nurturing Teachers’ Entrepreneurial Behavior in Schools: Roles and Responsibilities for School Principals. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 1-17.
Hsu, Ya, Y., Chyi, H. B., Chien, M. Y., Ya, C. H., Tzu, T. L., & Chih, H. L. (2019). Long Hours’ Effects on Work-Life Balance and Satisfaction. BioMed Research International. 2019:5046934, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5046934
Irshad, A. N., & Wahid, A. D. (2017). A study on job satisfaction of rural and urban high school teachers. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research, 2(6), 7-9.
Ismail, S. N., Omar, M. N., Don, Y., Purnomo, Y. W., & Kasa, M. D. (2022). Teachers' Acceptance of Mobile Technology Use towards Innovative Teaching in Malaysian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(1), 120-127.
Jaeseung, K., Julia, R., Henly, Lonnie, M., Golden, Susan, J. L. (2020). Workplace Flexibility and Worker Well-Being by Gender. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(3), 892-910. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12633.
John, H. (2007). Rural Teacher Satisfaction: An Analysis of Beliefsand Attitudes of Rural Teachers' Job Satisfaction. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3211.
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British journal of applied science & technology, 7(4), 396.
Kartini, K., Sujanto, B., & Mukhtar, M. (2017). The influence of organizational climate, transformational leadership, and work motivation on teacher job performance. IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management), 1(01), 192-205.
Khan, R. A., Atta, K., Sajjad, M., & Jawaid, M. (2022). Twelve tips to enhance student engagement in synchronous online teaching and learning. Medical Teacher, 44(6), 601-606.
Klein, G., & Zwilling, M. (2022). Leader-member exchange theory and its relationship to teachers' intrapreneurial behaviour, teachers' work engagement and entrepreneurial orientation. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 32(2), 199-221.
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10.
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. S. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546-580.
Konrad, K., Sylwia, P., & Lukasz, S. (2021). The Motivation of Academics in Remote Teaching during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Polish Universities-Opening the Debate on a New Equilibrium in e-Learning. Sustainability, 13(2752), 1-16.
Kossek, Ellen, E., Brenda, A. L., & Susan, C. E. (2006). Work from home, Control, and Boundary Management: Correlates of Policy Use and Practice, Job Control, and Work-Family Effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347-367. https://doi.10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002.
Kraft, M. A., Brunner, E. J., Dougherty, S. M., & Schwegman, D. J. (2020). Teacher accountability reforms and the supply and quality of new teachers. Journal of Public Economics, 188, 104212.
Kreiser, P. M., & Davis, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The unique impact of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of small business & entrepreneurship, 23(1), 39-51.
Kulikowski, K., Przytula, S., Sulkowski, L. (2021). E-learning? Never again! On unintended consequences of Covid-19 forced e-learning on academic teacher motivational job characteristics. Higher Education Quarterly, HEQU. 12314, 1-16.
Kumar, P., & Wiseman, A. W. (2021). Teacher quality and education policy in India: Understanding the relationship between teacher education, teacher effectiveness, and student outcomes. Routledge.
Leigh, A., & Mead, S. (2005). Lifting Teacher Performance. Policy Report. Progressive Policy Institute.
Li, M., & Yu, Z. (2022). Teachers’ Satisfaction, Role, and Digital Literacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), 1121.
Linton, G. (2019). Innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness in startups: a case study and conceptual development. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 1-21.
Liu, Ling, H., & Lo, V. H. (2018). An Integrated Model of Workload, Autonomy, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention among Taiwanese Reporters. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(2), 153-169.
Liu, S., Hallinger, P., & Feng, D. (2016). Supporting the professional learning of teachers in China: Does principal leadership make a difference? Teaching and Teacher Education, 59(September), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.023
Mahmoud, M. W., & Gregory, T. J. (2010). The Impact of Telework on Knowledge Creation and Management. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 11(4).
Bhattara, M. (2020). Working from Home and Job Satisfaction During the Pandemic Times. Canada: Independent Publication, Toronto. https://doi.10.13140/rg.2.2.21515.11046.
Markow, D., Moessner, C., & Horowitz, H. (2006). The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher 2006: Expectations and Experiences. New York: Harris Interactive.
Muslim, M. A., & Badlishah, S. (2016). Hubungan Di Antara Latihan dan Motivasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja: Kajian Kes di Pusat Latihan Pengajar dan Kemahiran Lanjutan (CIAST), Shah Alam. SkillsMalaysia Journal, 2(1), 11-26.
Rasheed, M. I., Humayon, A. A., Ahmed, U. A., & Din, A. ud. (2014). Factors affecting teachers’ motivation: An HRM challenge for public sector higher educational institutions of Pakistan (HEIs). International Journal of Educational Management, 30(1), 101-114
Nakrosiene, Audrone, Buciuniene, I., & Gostautaite, B. (2019). Working from Home: Characteristics and Outcomes of Telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87-101.
Nallaluthan, K., Indiran, L., Dalayga, B., & Baskaran, S. (2021). Employees’ Innovativeness in Manufacturing Industry: A Case Study from a Japanese Firm. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(8), 26–50.
Nasution, M. I., & Priangkatara, N. (2022). Work Discipline and Work Motivation on Employee Performance. International Journal of Economics, Social Science, Entrepreneurship and Technology (IJESET), 1(1), 50-64.
Nwachukwu, P. O. (2005). Teachers Job Satisfaction and Motivation for School Effectiveness: An Assessment. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED496539.pdf
Ong, S. L., Azhari, I., Tan, C. H., Chia, H., & Ming, C. (2021). Tinjauan Sikap Dan Motivasi Guru Terhadap Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Pendidikan Kesihatan Di Sebuah Sekolah Selangor. Conference Paper. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349238539.
Othman, A. S., Rahman, I. A., & Hanafi, U. S. M. (2018). Hubungan Antara Kepuasan Kerja dengan Komitmen, Motivasi dan Prestasi Kerja. International Journal of Modern Trends in Business Research, 1(3), 29-46.
Oubibi, M., Fute, A., Xiao, W., Sun, B., & Zhou, Y. (2022). Perceived organizational support and career satisfaction among chinese teachers: The mediation effects of job crafting and work engagement during COVID-19. Sustainability, 14(2), 623.
Paula, A. M. (2020). The Relationship Between Sense of Community and Job Satisfaction Among Urban Middle School Teachers. Dissertation. Liberty University.
Pennington, A., & Stanford, J. (2020). Working from Home: Opportunities and Risks. The Australia Institute, Centre for FutureWork.
Ponniah, K., Jose, F. T., Sivanadhan, I., Kumar, M., Nadarajan, P., Akhmetova. (2022) A. Blended learning: A study on Tamil primary schools (Open Access) International Journal of Advanced and Applied
Sciences,9(3),pp.172177.http://www.sciencegate.com/IJAAS/2022/V9I3/1021833ijaas202203020.html
Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An Updated Guide and Practical Guide to Statistical Analysis (2nd ed.). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson.
Rincon-Flores, E. G., Mena, J., & Lopez-Camacho, E. (2022). Gamification as a Teaching Method to Improve Performance and Motivation in Tertiary Education during COVID-19: A Research Study from Mexico. Education Sciences, 12(1), 49.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). "SmartPLS 3." Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH, http://www.smartpls.com
Robbins, S. P. (2003). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Rodriguez-Segura, D. (2022). EdTech in developing countries: A review of the evidence. The World Bank Research Observer, 37(2), 171-203.
Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioural sciences, New York: Holt.
Roz, K. (2019). Job Satisfaction as a Mediation of Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Performance in the Food Industry in Malang City. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research, 3(2), 47-58.
Alam, S. N., Hassan, M. S., Mohideen, S. R., Ramlan, A. F., & Kamal, M. R. (2020). Online Distance Learning Readiness During Covid-19 Outbreak Among Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 10(5), 642-657.
Salifu, I., Agbenyega, J. S., & Practice, P. (2013). Teacher Motivation and Identity Formation: Issues Affecting Professional Practice. 3(1), 58-74.
Sanda, M., & Awolusi, O. D. (2014). The effects of management use of motivation on workers' job commitment: An empirical investigation of tertiary institutions in South–western Nigeria. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 8(6), 581-597.
Sargent, T., & Hannum, E. (2005). Keeping Teachers Happy: Job Satisfaction among Primary School Teachers in Rural Northwest China. Comparative Education Review, 49(2), 173-204.
Saunders, M. N., & Lewis, P. (2017). Doing research in business and management. Pearson.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Setyowati, W., & Sofingi, A. (2022). Determinants of Employee Performance with Work Motivation as an Intervening Variable at the Semarang City Search and Rescue Office. Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM), 6(1), 19-29.
Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Velasquez Estrada, J. M., & Chatla, S. B. (2016). The Elephant in the Room: Predictive Performance of PLS Models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552–4564.
Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive Model Assessment in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322-2347.
Siagian & Sondang, P. (1995). Teori Motivasi dan Aplikasinya. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2019). Determining the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and organizational culture on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employee’s performance. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), 266–282.
Sowl, S., Amrein-Beardsley, A., & Collins, C. (2022). Teaching program evaluation: How blending theory and practice enhance student-evaluator competencies in an education policy graduate program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 94, 102139.
Stasewitsch, E., & Kauffeld, S. (2022). Knowledge Transfer in a Two-Mode Network between Higher Education Teachers and Their Innovative Teaching Projects. Journal of Learning Analytics, 9(1), 93-110.
Stephen, P., Angelina, K., Mary, M. C., Lauren, G., Will, H., & Qingshu, X. (2007). Status of Education in Rural America. National Center For Education Statistics.
Sunardi, S. (2022). The Impact of Working from Home during a Pandemic Against Employee Performance (Exploratory Study). JENIUS (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia), 6(1), 42-53.
Susana, D. J-W., Anna, R. (2018) "Public sector motivational practices and their effect on job satisfaction: country differences". European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 27(2), 141-154.
Susilo, D. (2020). Revealing the Effect of Work-From-Home on Job Performance during the Covid-19 Crisis: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 26(1), 23-40.
Syahyudin, D. (2019). Pengaruh Gadget Terhadap Pola Interaksi Sosial dan Komunikasi Siswa. Gunahumas, 2(1), 272-282.
Salim, S. S., Jusoh, A. J., Bistamam, M. N., Arip, M. A. S., Mustafa, M. B., & Nasir, R. (2019). The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Work Factor Characteristics On Job Satisfaction in the Teaching Profession (24 - 44). Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI, 3(1), 24-44. Retrieved from https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPB/article/view/2391
Salim, S. S. S. (2019), Teachers motivation towards job performance appraisal among secondary school teachers, Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Tanjong Malim, Malaysia.
Toto, G. A., & Limone, P. (2021). Motivation, stress and impact of online teaching on Italian teachers during COVID-19. Computers, 10(6), 75.
Troll, E. S., Venz, L., Weitzenegger, F., & Loschelder, D. D. (2022). Working from home during the COVID?19 crisis: How self?control strategies elucidate employees' job performance. Applied Psychology, 71(3), 853-880.
Tukiyo. (2015). Motivasi dan Kepuasan Kerja Guru Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Klaten. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan UNS & ISPI Jawa Tengah, 1(2), ISBN: 978-979-3456-52-2.
Van, M., & Juriaan. (2011). The Origins of New Ways of Working: Office Concepts in the 1970s. Facilities, 29(9-10), 357-367. https://doi.10.1108/02632771111146297.
Vega, Ronald, P., Amanda, J. A., & Seth, A. K. (2015). A Within-Person Examination of the Effects of Telework. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(2), 313-323.
Vikas, S., & Mathur, A. (2022). An empirical study of student perception towards pedagogy, teaching style and effectiveness of online classes. Education and Information Technologies, 27(1), 589-610.
Virick, Meghna, Nancy, D., & Kristi, A. (2010). Moderators of the Curvilinear Relation between Extent of Work from home and Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Performance Outcome Orientation and Worker Type. Human Relations, 63(1), 137-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709349198.
Vundi, A. (2022). Effects of Work from Home Strategy on Employee Performance During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case of Private Universities in Kenya. Available at SSRN 4138377.
Wahyudi, W. (2022). Five components of work motivation in the achievement of lecturer performance. Scientific Journal of Reflection: Economic, Accounting, Management and Business, 5(2), 466-473.
Wang, G., & Williamson, A. (2022). Course evaluation scores: valid measures for teaching effectiveness or rewards for lenient grading?. Teaching in Higher Education, 27(3), 297-318.
Wang, J., Tigelaar, D. E., Luo, J., & Admiraal, W. (2022). Teacher beliefs, classroom process quality, and student engagement in the smart classroom learning environment: A multilevel analysis. Computers & Education, 183, 104501.
Wessels, Christina, Michaela, C. S., Sebastian, S., Arnold, B. B., Peter, J. V. B., & Karin, I. P. (2019). Fostering Flexibility in the New World of Work: A Model of Time-Spatial Job Crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(505), 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00505.
Wibowo. (2010). Manajemen Kinerja. Cetakan Ketiga. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Woody, L. (1995). The Underground Guide to Work from home. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-48343-7.

In-Text Citation: (Nallaluthan et al., 2022)
To Cite this Article: Nallaluthan, K., Kanapathy, K., Thamburaj, K. P., Balasundran, K., & Kolandan, S. (2022). The Effect of Work Motivation and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Teachers’ Job Performance During Movement Control Order in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12), 1312 – 1339.