The Mediating Role of Hope in the Relationship between Fathers Support and STEM Efficacy among Adolescents in Malaysia

Affuso, G., Bacchini, D., & Miranda, M. C. (2017). The contribution of school-related parental monitoring, self-determination, and self-efficacy to academic achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(5), 565-574.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2016.1149795
Archer, C. M., Jiang, X., Thurston, I. B., & Floyd, R. G. (2019). The differential effects of perceived social support on adolescent hope: Testing the moderating effects of age and gender. Child indicators research, 12(6), 2079-2094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-9628-x
Atik, G., & Atik, Z. E. (2017). Predicting hope levels of high school students: The role of academic self-efficacy and problem-solving. Education and Science, 42(190), 157-169. doi: 10.15390/EB.2017.5348
Awang, Z. (2015). SEM made simple: A gentle approach to learning Structural Equation Modeling. MPWS Rich Publication.
Bahrum,S., Wahid, N., & Ibrahim, N. (2017). Integration of STEM education in Malaysia and why to STEAM. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(6), 645-654. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i6/3027
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bartley, S. R., & Ingram, N. (2018). Parental modelling of mathematical affect: Self-efficacy and emotional arousal. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 30(3), 277-297.
Breakwell, G. M., & Beardsell, S. (1992). Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities. Public understanding of science, 1(2), 183.
Brislin, R. W. (1986). The Wording and Translation of Research Instruments. In W.J.Lonner & J.W. Berry (Eds.), Field Methods In Cross-cultural Research (pp.137-164). Sage Publications.
Bryce, C. I., Alexander, B. L., Fraser, A. M., & Fabes, R. A. (2020). Dimensions of hope in adolescence: Relations to academic functioning and well?being. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 171-190. doi: 10.1002/pits.22311
Buschor, C. B., Berweger, S., Frei, K. A., & Kappler, C. (2014). Majoring in STEM—What accounts for women's career decision making? A mixed methods study. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(3), 167-176. doi: 10.1080/00220671.2013.788989
Chen, X., Ma, Y., Wu, R., & Liu, X. (2021). Moderating roles of social support in the association between Hope and life satisfaction among ethnic minority college students in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2298.
Chong, C. J. (2019). Preliminary review on preparations in Malaysia to improve stem education. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 14(5), 135-147.
Cooke, J. E., Kochendorfer, L. B., Stuart-Parrigon, K. L., Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2019). Parent–child attachment and children’s experience and regulation of emotion: A meta-analytic review. Emotion, 19(6), 1103–1126. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000504
Demirta?, A. S. (2019). Secure attachment and self-efficacy in early adolescence: The mediating role of hope. Education and Science, 44(200), 175-190. doi: 10.15390/EB.2019.8100
Demirta?, A. S., & Uygun-Eryurt, T. (2020). Attachment to parents and math anxiety in early adolescence: Hope and perceived school climate as mediators. Current Psychology, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00964-1
Duineveld, J. J., Parker, P. D., Ryan, R. M., Ciarrochi, J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2017). The link between perceived maternal and paternal autonomy support and adolescent well-being across three major educational transitions. Developmental Psychology, 53(10), 1978–1994. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000364
Epstein, J. L. (2018). School, Family, and Community Partnership: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Epstein, J. L. (2019) Theory to practice: School and family partnership lead to school improvement and student success. In C.L. Fagnano & B.Z. Werber (Eds), School, family and community interaction: A view from the firing lines. Routledge.
Falco, L. D., & Summers, J. J. (2019). Improving career decision self-efficacy and STEM self-efficacy in high school girls: Evaluation of an intervention. Journal of career development 46(1), 62-76. doi: 10.1177/0894845317721651
Fan, W., & Williams, C. M. (2010). The effects of parental involvement on students’ academic self?efficacy, engagement and intrinsic motivation. Educational Psychology, 30(1), 53–74.
Feldman, D. B., & Kubota, M. (2015). Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college grade-point average. Learning and Individual Differences, 37(2015), 210-216.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Garriott, P. O., Flores, L. Y., Prabhakar, B., Mazzotta, E. C., Liskov, A. C., & Shapiro, J. E. (2014). Parental support and underrepresented students’ math/science interests: The mediating role of learning experiences. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1069072713514933
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., & Lafreniere, M. A. K. (2012). Intrinsic and extrinsic school motivation as a function of age: The mediating role of autonomy support. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 77-95.
Gonida, E. N., & Cortina, K. S. (2014). Parental involvement in homework: Relations with parent and student achievement?related motivational beliefs and achievement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 376-396.
Graziano, F., Bonino, S., & Cattelino, E. (2009). Links between maternal and paternal support, depressive feelings and social and academic self-efficacy in adolescence. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(2), 241-257.
Grolnick, W. S., & Wellborn, J. G. (1988). Parent influences on children’s school-related self-system process. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Grolnick, W. S., Raftery-Helmer, J. N., Flamm, E. S., Marbell, K., Cardemil, E. V. (2014). Parental provision of academic structure and the transition to middle school. Journal of Research on Adolescence 25(4), 668-684. doi:10.1111/jora.12161
Grolnick, W. S. (2016). Parental involvement and children’s academic motivation and achivement. In Liu W.C., J. Wang, C.K. & R.M.Ryan (Eds.), Building autonomous learners: Perspectives from research and practice using Self-Determination Theory (pp.169-185). Springer.
Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1991). The inner resource for school achievement: motivational mediators of children’s perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83 (4), 508-517.
Gungor, A. S. (2019). Secure attachment and self-efficacy in early adolescence: The mediating role of hope. Education & Science/Egitim ve Bilim, 44(200), 175-190. doi: 10.15390/EB.2019.8100
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Halim, L., Rahmann, N. A., Zamri, R., and Mohtar, L. (2018). The roles of parents in cultivating children’s interest towards science learning and careers. Kasetsart J. Soc. Sci. 39, 190–116. doi: 10.1016/j.kjss.2017.05.001
Hoferichter, F., & Raufelder, D. (2019). Mothers and fathers—who matters for stem performance? Gender-specific associations between stem performance, parental pressure, and support during adolescence. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 4, p. 14). Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00014
Hossain, Z. (2014). Parental beliefs and fathers’ and mothers’ roles in malaysian family. In H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures: Childrearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures (pp.77-90). Springer.
Hwang, W., & Jung, E. (2020). Parenting practices, parent–child relationship, and perceived academic control in college students. Journal of Adult Development, 1-13.
Jafari, M., Baharudin, R., & Archer, M. (2016). Fathers’ parenting behaviors and Malaysian adolescents’ anxiety: family income as a moderator. Journal of Family Issues, 37(2), 198-220.
Jayarajah, K., Saat, R. M., Rauf, A., & Amnah, R. (2014). A review of science, technology, engineering & mathematics (STEM) education research from 1999-2013: A Malaysian perspective. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(3), 155-163.
Jeynes, W. H. (2016). Meta-analysis on the roles of fathers in parenting: Are they unique? Marriage and Family Review, 52(7), 665–688.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1157121.
Jeynes, W. H. (2011) Parental Involvement and Academic Success. New York: Routledge
Jiang, Y. H., Yau, J., Bonner, P., & Chiang, L. (2011). The role of perceived parental autonomy support in academic achievement of Asian and Latin American adolescents. Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(2), 492-522.
Johnson, M. (2015). Adolescence, Sociology of. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 115–120). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.32142-0
Joussemet, M., Landry, R., & Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 194 –200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012754
Jungert, T., & Koestner, R. (2015) Science adjustment, parental and teacher autonomy support and the cognitive orientation of science students, Educational Psychology, 35 (3) 361-376.
Kai-sze, A. W., Hassan, N. C., Jaafar, W. M. W., Ahmad, N. A., & Arsad, N. M. (2022). Development of a STEM Self-Efficacy Scale for Malaysian Primary School Children: A Validity and Reliability Study. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 22(1), 47-59.
Khazanah Research Institute. (2018). The state of households 2018: Different realities (3rd ed.). Khazanah Research Institute.
Kim, S. W., & Hill, N. E. (2015). Including fathers in the picture: a meta-analysis of parental involvement and students’ academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(10), 919–934. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000023.
Koch, M., Lundh, P., & Harris, C. J. (2019). Investigating STEM support and persistence among urban teenage African American and Latina girls across settings. Urban Education, 54(2), 243-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085915618708
Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2017). Parent–child attachment: Meta-analysis of associations with parenting behaviors in middle childhood and adolescence. Attachment & Human Development, 20(4), 378-405.
Lan, X., Scrimin, S., & Moscardino, U. (2019). Perceived parental guan and school adjustment among Chinese early adolescents: the moderating role of interdependent self-construal. Journal of Adolescence, 71, 18-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.12.003
Lee, M-H., Johanson, R. E., & Tsai, C-C. (2008). Exploring Taiwanese high school students' conceptions of and approaches to learning science through a structural equation modelling analysis. Science Education, 92 (2), 191–220.
https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20245
Lian, L. H., & Choo, T. S. (2020). Relationships among parent’s hope, primary pupil’s hope with their academic achievement. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 8(2), 35-44.
Liew, J., Kwok, O., Chang, Y. P., Chang, B. W., & Yeh, Y. C. (2014). Parental autonomy support predicts academic achievement through emotion-related self-regulation and adaptive skills in Chinese American adolescents. Asian American journal of psychology, 5(3), 214.
Lin, T-J., & Tsai, C-C. (2013). A multi-dimensional instrument for evaluating Taiwanese high school students' science learning self-efficacy in relation to their approaches to learning science. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 11(6), 1275–1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-012-9376-6.
Liu, Y., Sang, B., Liu, J., Gong, S., & Ding, X. (2019). Parental support and homework emotions in Chinese children: mediating roles of homework self-efficacy and emotion regulation strategies. Educational Psychology, 39(5), 617-635.
Luo, T., So, W. W. M., Li, W. C., & Yao, J. (2020). The development and validation of a survey for evaluating primary students’ self-efficacy in STEM activities. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(3), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09882-
Lv, B., Zhou, H., Liu, C., Guo, X., Jiang, K., Liu, Z., & Luo, L. (2018). The relationship between parental involvement and children’s self-efficacy profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3730-3741.
Mallinckrodt, B., Abraham, W. T., Wei, M., & Russell, D. W. (2006). Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372–378. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53. 3.372
Martin, M. O., Mullis, I. V. S., Foy, P., & Stanco, G. M. (2012).TIMSS 2011 international results in science. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.
Meng, C. C., Idris, N., & Eu, L. K. (2014). Secondary students' perceptions of assessments in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 10(3), 219-227.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2017). Applied multivariate research: design and interpretation (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE). (2013). Malaysia Educational Blueprint 2013-2025: Preschool to post secondary education. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Shahali, M. E. H., Halim, L., Rasul, M. S., Osman, K., & Arsad, N. M. (2019) Students’ interest towards STEM: a longitudinal study, Research in Science & Technological Education, 37(1), 71-89. doi: 10.1080/02635143.2018.1489789
Mohtar, L. E., Halim, L., Samsudin, M. A., & Ismail, M. E. (2019b). Non-cognitive factors influencing science achievement in Malaysia and Japan: An analysis of TIMSS 2015. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15(4), em1697. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/103567
Otto, B., & Karbach, J. (2019). The effects of private tutoring on students’ perception of their parents’ academic involvement and the quality of their parent-child relationship. Educational Psychology, 39(7), 923-940. doi:
10.1080/01443410.2019.1610725
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Hardy, S. A., & Christensen, K. J. (2011). Adolescent hope as a mediator between parent-child connectedness and adolescent outcomes. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(6), 853-879. doi: 10.1177/0272431610376249
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Son, D., & Nelson, L. J. (2019). Profiles of helicopter parenting, parental warmth, and psychological control during emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, doi: 10.1177/2167696818823626
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012) Black hawk down? Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father– child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47, 193–219. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1159/000078723
Ravindran, N., Hu, Y., McElwain, N. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2020). Dynamics of mother–adolescent and father–adolescent autonomy and control during a conflict discussion task. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(3), 312.
Razali, F., Talib, O., Manaf, U. K. A., & Hassan, S. A. (2017). A measure of students’ motivation, attitude and parental influence towards interest in STEM career among Malaysian form four science stream student. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7, 245-264. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i14/3665
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. (1995) Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 819-830.
Rozgonjuk, D., Kraav, T., Mikkor, K., Orav-Puurand, K., & Taht, K. (2020). Mathematics anxiety among STEM and social sciences students: the roles of mathematics self-efficacy, and deep and surface approach to learning. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1), 1-11.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68 –78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Schunk, D. H., & Mullen, C.A. (2012). Self-efficacy as an engaged learner. In S.L.Christenson, A.L. Reschly, & C.Wyllie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 219-235). Springer.
Sha, L., Schunn, C., Bathgate, M., & Ben-Eliyahu, A. (2016). Families support their children’s success in science learning by infuencing interest and self-efficacy. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 53(3), 450-472. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21251
Skinner, E., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six Dimensions of Parenting: A Motivational Model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5(2), 175-235.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275.
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Rubinstein, H. & Stahl, K. J. (1997). The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of pediatric psychology, 22(3), 399-421.
Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurements, and applications to school psychology. School psychology quarterly, 18(2), 122.
Suizzo, M. A., Rackley, K. R., Robbins, P. A., Jackson, K. M., Rarick, J. R., & McClain, S. (2017). The unique effects of fathers’ warmth on adolescents’ positive beliefs and behaviors: Pathways to resilience in low-income families. Sex Roles, 77(1), 46-58.
Syed, M., Zurbriggen, E. L., Chemers, M. M., Goza, B. K., Bearman, S., Crosby, F. J., ... & Morgan, E. M. (2019). The role of self?efficacy and identity in mediating the effects of STEM support experiences. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 19(1), 7-49.
Tan, S. A., Nainee, S., & Tan, C. S. (2021). The mediating role of reciprocal filial piety in the relationship between parental autonomy support and life satisfaction among adolescents in Malaysia. Current Psychology, 40(2), 804-812.
Thomas, J., Utley, J., Hong, S. Y., Korkmaz, H., & Nugent, G. (2020). Parent involvement and its influence on children’s STEM learning: A review of the research. Handbook of Research on STEM Education, 323-333.
Tomas, J. M., Gutierrez, M., Georgieva, S., & Hernandez, M. (2019). The effects of self?efficacy, hope, and engagement on the academic achievement of secondary education in the Dominican Republic. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 191-203. doi: 10.1002/pits.22321
Wang, M., Wu, X., & Wang, J. (2021). Paternal and maternal harsh parenting and Chinese adolescents’ social anxiety: The different mediating roles of attachment insecurity with fathers and mothers. Journal of interpersonal violence, 00(0), 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519881531
Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78(5), 1592–1610.
Wong, M. M. (2008). Perceptions of parental involvement and autonomy support: their relations with self-regulation, academic performance, substance use and resilience among adolescents. North American Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 497-518.
Wong, S. Y., Liang, J., & Tsai, C. (2019). Uncovering Malaysian secondary school students' academic hardiness in science, conceptions of learning science, and science learning self-efficacy: A structural equation modeling analysis. Research in Science Education, 52(2), 537-564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-019-09908-7
Woon, F. C., & Chin, Y. S. (2018). Parental influences on self-esteem of early adolescents: A multiracial sample from Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 5(6), 345-357.
Yahya, A. N., Zulkefly, N. S., & Baharudin, R. (2019) Paternal attachment, negative life events, automatic thoughts and depressive symptoms of adolescents in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 15(SUP1), 7-14.
Yan, J., Han, Z. R., Tang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2017). Parental support for autonomy and child depressive symptoms in middle childhood: The mediating role of parent-child attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(7), 1970-1978.
Yap, S. T., & Baharudin, R. (2016). The relationship between adolescents’ perceived parental involvement, self-efficacy beliefs, and subjective well-being: A multiple mediator model. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0882-0
Yarcheski, A., & Mahon, N. E. (2016). Meta-analyses of predictors of hope in adolescents. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(3), 345-368. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0193945914559545
Zimmerman, B. J. (1995) Self-efficacy and educational development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies. (pp.202-231). Cambridge University Press.

In-Text Citation: (Kai-Sze et al., 2023)
To Cite this Article: Kai-Sze, A. W., Hassan, N. C., Jaafar, W. M. W., & Ahmad, N. A. (2023). The Mediating Role of Hope in the Relationship between Fathers’ Support and STEM Efficacy among Adolescents in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(2), 506 – 530.

Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non0-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode