ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
This study aims to investigate the influence of emotional intelligence and anxiety, on performance satisfaction among state netball players. The study adopted a quantitative research design and a convenient sample of state-level female netball players (N = 60, mean age = 15.43, SD = 1.55) from one of the states in Malaysia, participated in this study. Respondent completed a pencil-and-paper version of the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS), Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), and Athlete's Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software program (Version 26) Pearson Correlation, and Linear Regression. T-test analysis showed there is a significant difference between age under 15 and age under 18 netball player emotional intelligence (p<.05) but not for anxiety. Pearson Correlation analysis showed anxiety (r= -0.745, p=0.001) and emotional intelligence (r=0.742, p=0.001) have a significant relationship with performance satisfaction. Linear Regression analysis identified Anxiety (?= .44; p<.01) and Emotional Intelligence (?= .43; p<.05) are significant factors in performance satisfaction and reported that overall, both predictor variables accounted for 64.3 percent (r=.97) of the change in variance in performance satisfaction [F (2,57) =51.35, p<0.05]. This study has limitations, including methodological diversity and sample-specific findings. Future research should focus on intervention studies, neuroscientific approaches, team dynamics, and the influence of coaching. The research findings have practical implications for athletes, coaches, and sports organizations. Strategies to enhance emotional intelligence and manage anxiety can lead to improved performance and overall satisfaction with one's sporting experiences.
Acebes-Sánchez, J., Diez-Vega, I., Esteban-Gonzalo, S., & Rodriguez-Romo, G. (2019). Physical activity and emotional intelligence among undergraduate students: A correlational study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-7.
Boroujeni, S. T., Mirheydari, S. B. G., Kaviri, Z., & Shahhosseini, S. (2012). The survey of relationship and comparison: emotional intelligence, competitive anxiety, and mental toughness female super league basketball players. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 1440-1444.
Brooks, E. R., Benson, A. C., Fox, A. S., & Bruce, L. M. (2020). Physical movement demands of elite-level netball match-play as measured by an indoor positioning system. Journal of sports sciences, 38(13), 1488-1495.
Bruce, L., Farrow, D., Raynor, A., & May, E. (2009). Notation analysis of skill expertise differences in netball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 9(2), 245-254.
Caliskan, G., & Baydar, H. O. (2016). Satisfaction scale for athlete (SSA): A study of validity and reliability. European Scientific Journal, 12(14).
Cheng, W. N. K., & Hardy, L. (2016). Three-dimensional model of performance anxiety: Tests of the adaptive potential of the regulatory dimension of anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 255-263.
Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A.Y.C., & Bajgar, J. (2001). Measuring emotional intelligence in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1105-1119.
Covassin, T., & Pero, S. (2004). The relationship between self-confidence, mood state, and anxiety among collegiate tennis players. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27(3).
Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 25(1), 44-65.
Crombie, D., Lombard, C., & Noakes, T. (2011). Increasing emotional intelligence in cricketers: An intervention study. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.1.69
Davis, J. & Cox, R. (2002). Interpreting direction of anxiety within Hanin's individual zone of optimal functioning. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14: 43-52
Dunton, G. F., Schneider, M., Graham, D. J., & Cooper, D. M. (2006). Physical activity, fitness, and physical self-concept in adolescent females. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18(2), 240-251.
Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Pimley S, et al. (1987) Age differences in stress and coping processes. Psychology and Aging 2(2): 171.
Fox, A., Spittle, M., Otago, L., & Saunders, N. (2014). Offensive agility techniques performed during international netball competition. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(3), 543-552.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam.
Graham, S., Zois, J., Aughey, R., & Duthie, G. (2020). The peak player load™ of state-level netball matches. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 23(2), 189-193.
Hetherington, S. A., King, S. G., Visentin, D., & Bird, M. L. (2009). A kinematic and kinetic case study of a netball shoulder pass. International Journal of Exercise Science, 2(4), 3.
Hut, M., Glass, C. R., Degnan, K. A., & Minkler, T. O. (2021). The effects of mindfulness training on mindfulness, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, and performance satisfaction among female student-athletes: The moderating role of age. Asian journal of sport and exercise psychology, 1(2-3), 75-82.
International Netball Federation. (2023, October 10). Inside INF. https://netball.sport/inside-inf.
Jõesaar, H., Hein, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2011). Peer influence on young athletes’ need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and persistence in sport: A 12-month prospective study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 500-508.
Jones, A. (2006). Multidisciplinary team working: Collaboration and conflict. International journal of mental health nursing, 15(1), 19-28.
Jones, G. & Swain, A. (1992). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationship with competitiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74: 467- 472.
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Swain, A. B. J. (1994). Intensity and interpretation of anxiety symptoms in elite and non-elite sports performers. Personal Individual Differences, 17, 657-663.
Kopp, A., & Jekauc, D. (2018). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance in competitive sports: A meta-analytical investigation. Sports, 6(4), 175.
Krane, V., Joyce, D., & Rafeld, J. (1994). Competitive anxiety, situation criticality, and softball performance. Sport Psychologist, 8, 58-72.
Laborde, S., Lautenbach, F., Allen, M. S., Herbert, C., & Achtzehn, S. (2014). The role of trait emotional intelligence in emotion regulation and performance under pressure. Personality and Individual differences, 57, 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.013
Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R. C., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social behavior and personality: an International Journal, 37(2), 195-201.
Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., & Devonport, T. J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and mood states associated with optimal performance. E-journal of Applied Psychology, 5(1).
Love, S., Kannis-Dymand, L., & Lovell, G. P. (2018). Metacognitions in triathletes: Associations with attention, state anxiety, and relative performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 30(4), 421-436.
Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 281-292.
Marín-González, F. H., Portela-Pino, I., Fuentes-García, J. P., & Martínez-Patiño, M. J. (2022). Relationship between Sports and Personal Variables and the Competitive Anxiety of Colombian Elite Athletes of Olympic and Paralympic Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137791
Martens, R., Vealy, R.S. & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. Handbook of intelligence, 2, 396-420. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807947.019
Mclean, S., Hulme, A., Mooney, M., Read, G. J., Bedford, A., & Salmon, P. M. (2019). A systems approach to performance analysis in women’s netball: using work domain analysis to model elite netball performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 201.
Nahum, O., Ben-Ami, M., Cohen, D., & Shivek, A. (2016, October 10). Athlete’s Subjective Performance Scale. https://sportperformance.wordpress.com
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). NY: Open university press.
Pensgaard, A. M., & Duda, J. L. (2003). Sydney 2000: The interplay between emotions, coping, and the performance of Olympic-level athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 17(3), 253-267.
Perlinni, A. H., & Halverson, T. R. (2006). Emotional Intelligence in the National Hockey League. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 38(2), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/cjbs2006001
Piccolo, L. R., Giacomoni, C. H., Julio-Costa, A., Oliveira, S., Zbornik, J., Haase, V. G., & Salles, J. F. (2017). Reading anxiety in L1: Reviewing the concept. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45, 537-543.
Pulido Acosta, F., & Herrera Clavero, F. (2020). Estados emocionales contrapuestos e inteligencia emocional en la adolescencia. Psicología desde el Caribe, 37(1), 70-90.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence Imagination, cognition, and personality. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 1989-90.
Schutte, N., Malouff, J., Hall, L., Haggerty, D., Cooper, J., Golden, C., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167-177.
Thomas, C., Ismail, K. T., Simpson, R., Comfort, P., Jones, P. A., & Dos' Santos, T. (2019). Physical profiles of female academy netball players by position. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(6), 1601-1608.
Turman, P. D. (2008). Coaches' immediacy behaviors as predictors of athletes' perceptions of satisfaction and team cohesion. Western Journal of Communication, 72(2), 162-179.
Venter, M. (2003). Die verwantskap tussen koherensies in emosionele intelligensie (Meestersverhandeling). (The relationship between coherences in emotional intelligence). Johannesburg: Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit
Verma, R., Balhara, Y. P. S., & Gupta, C. S. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants. Industrial psychiatry journal, 20(1), 4-10.
(Ying & Nazarudin, 2023)
Ying, H. S., & Nazarudin, M. N. (2023). Emotional Intelligence, Anxiety, and Performance Satisfaction in Malaysian State Netball Players. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12), 4585–4601.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode