ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Numerous variables have influence on the health and athletic performance of athletes, mostly including environmental and physical elements. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that mental health is a crucial aspect of an athlete's overall well-being. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential correlation between engagement, psychological strain, and subjective performance among athletes enrolled in boarding schools. A cohort of 63 athletes was selected from one of the Malaysian boarding school sports contingents with a total population of 75 athletes. The chosen participant responded to three sections of the survey, namely the Athlete's Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS), the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ), and the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ). The internal consistency test for the questionnaire yields an alpha coefficient ranging from 0.75 to 0.85. The study's data analysis revealed a strong association (r= -.823, p=0.001) between psychological strain and an athlete's subjective performance. The study's results indicate a substantial association (r=.861, p=0.001) between engagement and an athlete's perceived performance. In summary, the correlation between psychological strain, engagement, and an athlete's perceived performance is intricate and interrelated. This study has a number of practical consequences for coaches and athletes, including the implementation of customised training programs, the use of stress management approaches, and the incorporation of mental conditioning techniques. A recommendation for future investigation entails examining the influence of diverse psychological elements and conducting longitudinal inquiries that monitor the psychological burden and subjective performance of athletes over an extended duration.
Bahr, R., & Holme, I. (2003). Risk factors for sports injuries—a methodological approach. British journal of sports medicine, 37(5), 384-392.
Bartkus, K. R., Nemelka, B., Nemelka, M., & Gardner, P. (2012). Clarifying the meaning of extracurricular activity: A literature review of definitions. American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 5(6), 693-704.
Breslin, G., Smith, A., Donohue, B., Donnelly, P., Shannon, S., Haughey, T. J., ... & Leavey, G. (2019). International consensus statement on the psychosocial and policy-related approaches to mental health awareness programmes in sport. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000585.
Chang, C., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A., Hong, G., Ingram, Y., ... & Wolanin, A. (2020). Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement—Executive Summary. British journal of sports medicine, 54(4), 216-220.
Chen, X., Qiu, N., Chen, C., Wang, D., Zhang, G., & Zhai, L. (2020). Self-efficacy and depression in boxers: a mediation model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 00791.
De Francisco, C., Sánchez-Romero, E. I., Vílchez Conesa, M. D. P., & Arce, C. (2020). Basic psychological needs, burnout and engagement in sport: The mediating role of motivation regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 4941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144941
De Francisco, C., Sánchez-Romero, E. I., Vílchez Conesa, M. D. P., & Arce, C. (2020). Basic psychological needs, burnout and engagement in sport: The mediating role of motivation regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 4941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144941
Fawver, B., Cowan, R. L., DeCouto, B. S., Lohse, K. R., Podlog, L., & Williams, A. M. (2020). Psychological characteristics, sports engagement, and performance in alpine skiers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101616
Gouttebarge, V., Backx, F. J., Aoki, H., & Kerkhoffs, G. M. (2015). Symptoms of common mental disorders in professional football (soccer) across five European countries. Journal of sports science & medicine, 14(4), 811.
Gouttebarge, V., Bindra, A., Blauwet, C., Campriani, N., Currie, A., Engebretsen, L., ... & Budgett, R. (2021). International Olympic Committee (IOC) sport mental health assessment tool 1 (SMHAT-1) and sport mental health recognition tool 1 (SMHRT-1): towards better support of athletes’ mental health. British journal of sports medicine, 55(1), 30-37.
Gouttebarge, V., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Gorczynski, P., Hainline, B., Hitchcock, M. E., Kerkhoffs, G. M., ... & Reardon, C. L. (2019). Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 53(11), 700-706.
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P. J., & Stanimirovic, R. (2015). The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 18(3), 255-261.
GuoJie, M. (2021). The role of athletic psychology, athlete engagement in athletic performance and athletes sports success in China: does coaching behavior moderates?. Revista De Psicología Del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 30(3), 191-204.
Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., Moesch, K., McCann, S., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., & Terry, P. (2020). Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high-performance athletes. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 18(5), 553-560.
Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., & Jackson, S. A. (2009). Athlete engagement in elite sport: An exploratory investigation of antecedents and consequences. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.186
Junge, A., & Feddermann-Demont, N. (2016). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level male and female football players. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 2(1), e000087.
Kara, Ö., Büyüko?lu, G., Çelebi, M., Büyüklüo?lu, N., Kaya, H., & Gül, S. (2021). Professional athletes have higher anxiety levels during COVID-19 outbreak compared to recreational athletes and sedentary people. Spor Hekimli?i Dergisi, 56(2).
Lima, Y., ?en???k, S., Denerel, N., Hur?ito?lu, O., Balc?, G. A., Bolat, G. Ü., & Ergün, M. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological states of youth and adult elite male athletes. Spor Hekimli?i Dergisi, 57(1), 031-037.
Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Raedeke, T. D. (2007). Athlete engagement: I. A qualitative investigation of relevance and dimensions. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 451-470.
Lyons, F., OBroin, D., Lodge, C., & Kehoe, J. (2019, October). Increasing Engagement to Improve Wellness With Gamification. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Game Based Learning, Proceedings of the European Conference on Games-Based Learning, Nr Reading: Acad Conferences Ltd (pp. 459-69).
Mack, R. J., Breckon, J. D., O’Halloran, P. D., & Butt, J. (2019). Enhancing athlete engagement in sport psychology interventions using motivational interviewing: A case study. The Sport Psychologist, 33(2), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2018-0053
Moesch, K., Kenttä, G., Kleinert, J., Quignon-Fleuret, C., Cecil, S., & Bertollo, M. (2018). FEPSAC position statement: Mental health disorders in elite athletes and models of service provision. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 61-71.
Nahum, O., Ben-Ami, M., Cohen, D., & Shivek, A. (2016). Athlete's Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS).
Nicholls, A. R., Madigan, D. J., Fairs, L. R., & Bailey, R. (2020). Mental health and psychological well-being among professional rugby league players from the UK. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1), e000711.
Nixdorf, I., Frank, R., Hautzinger, M., & Beckmann, J. (2013). Prevalence of depressive symptoms and correlating variables among German elite athletes. Journal of clinical sport psychology, 7(4), 313-326.
Ojio, Y., Matsunaga, A., Hatakeyama, K., Kawamura, S., Horiguchi, M., Yoshitani, G., ... & Fujii, C. (2021). Anxiety and depression symptoms and suicidal ideation in Japan rugby top league players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(3), 1205.
Pedro, S. D. G. (2018). Exploring resilience in sports. Coach’s autonomy support and athletes engagement-a contribute to literature. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 18(1), 151-160.
Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S. M. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: increased awareness requires an early intervention framework to respond to athlete needs. Sports medicine-open, 5(1), 46.
Purcell, R., Rice, S., Butterworth, M., & Clements, M. (2020). Rates and correlates of mental health symptoms in currently competing elite athletes from the Australian National high-performance sports system. Sports Medicine, 50, 1683-1694.
Rao, A. L., Asif, I. M., Drezner, J. A., Toresdahl, B. G., & Harmon, K. G. (2015). Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes: a 9-year analysis of the NCAA resolutions database. Sports health, 7(5), 452-457.
Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). British journal of sports medicine, 53(11), 667-699.
Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement. British journal of sports medicine, 53(11), 667-699.
Rice, S. M., Gwyther, K., Santesteban-Echarri, O., Baron, D., Gorczynski, P., Gouttebarge, V., ... & Purcell, R. (2019). Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 53(11), 722-730.
Rice, S. M., Parker, A. G., Mawren, D., Clifton, P., Harcourt, P., Lloyd, M., ... & Purcell, R. (2020). Preliminary psychometric validation of a brief screening tool for athlete mental health among male elite athletes: the athlete psychological strain questionnaire. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 18(6), 850-865.
Rice, S., Olive, L., Gouttebarge, V., Parker, A. G., Clifton, P., Harcourt, P., ... & Purcell, R. (2020). Mental health screening: severity and cut-off point sensitivity of the athlete psychological strain questionnaire in male and female elite athletes. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1), e000712.
Rosli, S., Mahmud, S. F., & Azni, M. E. (2022). Mengintegrasi Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan (FPK) Dalam Membangunkan Modal Insan Bersepadu. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 4(1), 86-103.
Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Moore, Z. (2018). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes’ mental health, performance, and development. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 16(6), 622-639.
Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Moore, Z. (2018). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes’ mental health, performance, and development. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 16(6), 622-639.
Seow, P. S., & Pan, G. (2014). A literature review of the impact of extracurricular activities participation on students’ academic performance. Journal of Education for Business, 89(7), 361-366.
Valbuena, M. J. D., Saunders, J., & Rice, V. (2016). Athlete Engagement: A Qualitative Investigation of the US American Athlete. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 49(1), 95-119.
Van Slingerland, K. J., Durand-Bush, N., Bradley, L., Goldfield, G., Archambault, R., Smith, D., ... & Kenttä, G. (2019). Canadian Centre for Mental Health and Sport (CCMHS) position statement: Principles of mental health in competitive and high-performance sport. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 29(3), 173-180.
Wekesser, M. M., Harris, B. S., Langdon, J., & Wilson Jr, C. H. (2021). Coaches’ impact on youth athletes’ intentions to continue sport participation: The mediational influence of the coach–athlete relationship. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(3), 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954121991817
Williams, J. M., & Andersen, M. B. (1998). Psychosocial antecedents of sport injury: Review and critique of the stress and injury model'. Journal of applied sport psychology, 10(1), 5-25.
Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K., & Gross, M. (2016). Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport. British journal of sports medicine, 50(3), 167-171.
(Manap & Nazarudin, 2023)
Manap, M. A. A., & Nazarudin, M. N. (2023). Psychological Strain, Engagement, and Athlete’s Subjective Performance among Boarding School Athletes. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12), 4614–4624.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode