Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Direct and Indirect Language Learning Strategies in Japanese Language Acquisition

Noor Aizah Abas, Nadiah Zubbir, Nurfarah Saiful Azam, Mohamed Hafizuddin Mohamed Jamrus

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i3/20907

Open access

Learning Japanese is a complex and diverse process, encompassing not only characters, vocabulary, and grammar, but also pronunciation and intonation. Proficiency in one of this world's most popular languages demands adept application of various techniques and strategies. As an educator, I am deeply inspired by the strategies my students employ in mastering the Japanese language, and I strive to leverage these insights for optimal teaching and learning outcomes. This study aims to explore undergraduate students' perceptions regarding their use of learning strategies through a quantitative approach. A cohort of 176 respondents from a public university in Malaysia participated in the study. The survey utilized a 5-point Likert scale adapted from Oxford (1990); Wenden and Rubin (1987), organized into three sections: Section A covering demographic trends, Section B comprising 19 items concerning direct strategies, and Section C focusing on 22 items related to indirect strategies. The findings revealed that students extensively employed memorization, organization, elaboration, and critical thinking, demonstrating a comprehensive approach to learning the Japanese language. Moreover, students exhibited proactive behaviour by revisiting confusing material and utilizing self-questioning and goal-setting strategies. The research also unveiled a significant and strong positive correlation (r=.723**) between direct and indirect strategies in Japanese language learning, emphasizing their interconnected nature. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to track the evolution of language learning strategies (LLS), expand cross-cultural investigations, and explore the impact of emerging technologies such as augmented or virtual reality. Furthermore, examining variations in LLS across proficiency levels will inform tailored instructional approaches.

Chanderan, V., & Hashim, H. (2022) Language Learning Strategies Used by ESL Undergraduate Students. Creative Education, 13, 768-779. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.133049
Chilkiewicz, K. (2015). Direct Language Learning Strategies in The Theory by Rebecca Oxford in English Vocabulary Acquisition at The Age Group of 11-12 Year Olds. World Scientific News, 7, 160–184. Retrieved from https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61617928
Gan, H. S. (2023). Japanese Language Learning Awareness and Strategies: A Study on Malaysian Academia. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Society, 5(1), 23-28. Retrieved from
https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijares/article/view/21661/11666
Grainger, P. (2012). The Impact of Cultural Background on The Choice of Language Learning Strategies in The JFL Context. System, 40(4), 483-493. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2012.10.011
Jackson, S. L. (2015). Research Methods and Statistics - A Critical Thinking Approach (5th Edition). Boston, USA: Cengage Learning.
Lensun, S. F., Liando, M. R., & Mukuan, J. (2019). The Application of Direct Strategy in Learning Japanese Language through Songs (Historical Study of Japan’s Occupation in Minahasa 1942-1945). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 383. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science 2019 (ICSS 2019). Atlantis Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icss-19.2019.55
Matsumoto, M. (2011). Second Language Learners’ Motivation and Their Perception of Their Teachers as An Affecting Factor. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics, 17(2), 37-52. Retrieved from
https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/informit.808628981621588
Naeimi, M., & Chow, T. V. F. (2015). Vocabulary Acquisition through Direct and Indirect Learning Strategies. English Language Teaching, 8(10), 142-151. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n10p142
Nejad, M. E., Izadpanah, S., Namaziandost, E., & Rahbar, B. (2022). The Mediating Role of Critical Thinking Abilities in the Relationship Between English as A Foreign Language Learners’ Writing Performance and Their Language Learning Strategies. Front. Psychol. 13(746445). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.746445
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York, NY: Newbury House Publisher.
Rahmat, N. H. (2018). Educational Psychology: A Tool for Language Research. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 655-668. Retrieved from https://grdspublishing.org/index.php/people/article/view/556
Rashid, R. A., Amzah, N., & Mustafa, Z. (2022). Perkembangan Pendidikan Bahasa Jepun di Malaysia. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu: Legasi Q Enterprise.
Ricketts, J. C. (2003). The Efficiency of Leadership Development Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Student Academic Performance on The Critical Thinking Skills of Selected Youth Leaders. [Doctoral thesis,University of Florida] Gainesville, Florida.
Rubin, J. (1987). Learner Strategies: Theoretical Assumptions, Research History and Typology. UK: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
Seng, H. Z., Mustafa, N. C., Halim, H. A., Rahmat, N. H., & Amali, N. A. K. (2023). An Investigation of Direct and Indirect Learning Strategies in Learning Foreign Languages. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(3), 322 – 338. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i3/16492
Shen, L. (2023). The Relationship Between Learner Autonomy and Language Learning Strategies of Chinese Junior High School Students in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The EUrASEANs: Journal on Global Socio-Economic Dynamics, (6(43), 302-314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.6(43).2023.302-314
Subrayan, A., Thevarajoo, P. D., & Buhari, T. A. (2020). The Usage of Direct and Indirect Learning Strategies Fostering Interactions in Group Discussions. Journal of Creative Practices in Language Learning and Teaching (CPLT), 8(1).
Retrieved from https://cplt.uitm.edu.my/v1/images/v8n1/Article2.pdf
Sukying, A. (2021). Choices of Language Learning Strategies and English Proficiency of EFL University Learners. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 14(2), 59-87. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1310896.pdf
UiTM (n.d.). ufuture. Retrieved December 12, 2023. Retrieved from https://ufuture.uitm.edu.my/courses/list_course
Wenden, A., and Rubin, J. (1987). Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Yunus, N. A. M., Mustafa, Z., & Zaharuddin, A. (2022). Strategies in Language Learning: A Survey Among Undergraduate Japanese Language Students in USIM. International Journal of Languages and Education, 1(2). DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/alazkiyaa.v1i2.30
Zakaria, N. L., Aziz, A. A., & Ramayah, K. (2017). Language Learning Strategies and Learner Autonomy in Learning Japanese. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9(30), 50-60.
Retrieved from https://www.akademiabaru.com/doc/ARSBSV9_N3_P50_60.pdf
Zubbir, N., Abas, N. A., Druckman, Z. A., Rahmat, N. H., Azam, N. S., Isa, Z. M., & Dona, M. A. (2023). Exploring The Use of Language Learning Strategies Through Reciprocal Determinism. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(3), 1740 – 1758. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i3/16503

(Abas et al., 2024)
Abas, N. A., Zubbir, N., Azam, N. S., & Jamrus, M. H. M. (2024). Direct and Indirect Language Learning Strategies in Japanese Language Acquisition. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(3), 279–295.