Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

The Relationship between Management Practices and Safety Performance in Manufacturing SMEs: The Moderating Role of Proactive Personality

Mohd Zaidi Mat Saat, Munir Shehu Mashi, Chandrakantan Subramaniam, Faridahwati Mohd. Shamsudin

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i5/21572

Open access

One of the challenges encountered by Malaysian SMEs is the high rate of workplace incidents. Thus, this study examined the direct relationship between management practices (employee involvement, training, management commitment, and communication and feedback) and four safety performance dimensions (safety compliance, safety participation, safety outcomes, and employee satisfaction) among 249 SMEs in Malaysia. In addition, the present study explored the role of proactive personality as a moderator of the mentioned relationships. Quantitative data were processed using structural equation modelling techniques through Partial Least Squares. The findings supported the hypothesized direct effects of employee involvement and training on safety compliance and participation, as well as communication and feedback on employee satisfaction. With regards to proactive personality, the study found it to moderate the relationship between communication and feedback and safety outcomes. In order to achieve optimal workplace safety, management should focus on the implementation of management practices and consider proactive personalities to improve the safety level in an organization. This paper recommends that business owners and managers increase the frequency of training for their employees and involve them in safety decision-making. The findings underscore the importance of fostering a comprehensive safety culture within the organization. SMEs should invest in robust and ongoing employee training programs that not only address core safety protocols but also emphasize the importance of active involvement in safety initiatives. Encourage a culture where employees feel empowered to contribute ideas and take ownership of safety practices. Recognize the diverse nature of your workforce by tailoring communication approaches based on individual characteristics, considering the moderating impact of a proactive personality. Implementing targeted communication strategies for different personality types can maximize engagement and understanding.

Ahamad, M. A., Arifin, K., Abas, A., Mahfudz, M., Cyio, M. B., Khairil, M., ... & Samad, M. A.
(2022). Systematic literature review on variables impacting organization’s zero accident vision in occupational safety and health perspectives. Sustainability, 14(13), 7523.
Ahmad, I., Gao, Y., Su, F., & Khan, M. K. (2023). Linking ethical leadership to followers'
innovative work behavior in Pakistan: the vital roles of psychological safety and proactive personality. European Journal of Innovation Management, 26(3), 755-772.
Alhammadi, S. A., Tayeh, B. A., Alaloul, W. S., & Jouda, A. F. (2022). Occupational health and safety practice in infrastructure projects. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 28(4), 2631-2644.
Ali, H., Azimah Chew Abdullah, N., & Subramaniam, C. (2009). Management practice in safety culture and its influence on workplace injury: An industrial study in Malaysia. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 18(5), 470-477.
Alshyyab, M. A., Albsoul, R. A., Kinnear, F. B., Saadeh, R. A., Alkhaldi, S. M., Borkoles, E., &
Fitzgerald, G. (2023). Assessment of patient safety culture in two emergency departments in Australia: a cross sectional study. The TQM Journal, 35(2), 540-553.
Arezes, P. M., & Sérgio Miguel, A. (2003). The role of safety culture in safety performance measurement. Measuring business excellence, 7(4), 20-28.
Ariss, S. S. (2002). Employee involvement as a prerequisite to reduce workers’ compensation
cost: A case study. Review of Business, 23(2), 12-16.
Arzahan, I. S. N., Ismail, Z., & Yasin, S. M. (2022). Safety culture, safety climate, and safety
performance in healthcare facilities: a systematic review. Safety science, 147, 105624.
Asad, M., Kashif, M., Sheikh, U. A., Asif, M. U., George, S., & Khan, G. U. H. (2022). Synergetic
effect of safety culture and safety climate on safety performance in SMEs: does
transformation leadership have a moderating role?. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 28(3), 1858-1864.
Baba, V. V., Tourigny, L., Wang, X., & Liu, W. (2009). Proactive personality and work performance in China: The moderating effects of emotional exhaustion and perceived safety climate. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 26(1), 23-37.
Barbeau, E., Roelofs, C., Youngstrom, R., Sorensen, G., Stoddard, A., & LaMontagne, A. D.
(2004). Assessment of occupational safety and health programs in small businesses. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45, 371-379.
Barling, J. (2001). Management practices affect occupational safety. Ontario, Canada: School of Business, Queen’s University.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social
psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of organizational behavior, 14(2), 103-118.
Bentley, T. A., & Haslam, R. A. (2001). Identification of risk factors and countermeasures for slip, trip and fall incidents during the delivery of mail. Applied ergonomics, 32(2), 127-134.
Beraldin, A. R., Danese, P., & Romano, P. (2022). Employee involvement for continuous
improvement and production repetitiveness: a contingency perspective for achieving
organisational outcomes. Production Planning & Control, 33(4), 323-339.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human performance, 10(2), 99-109.
Bougie, R., & Sekaran, U. (2019). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Boustras, G., Hadjimanolis, A., Economides, A., Yiannaki, A., & Nicolaides, L. (2015). Management of health and safety in micro-firms in Cyprus–Results from a Nationwide Survey. Safety science, 79, 305-313.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
Buniya, M. K., Othman, I., Sunindijo, R. Y., Karakhan, A. A., Kineber, A. F., & Durdyev, S.
(2023). Contributions of safety critical success factors and safety program elements to overall project success. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 29(1),
129-140.
Champoux, D., & Brun, J-P. (2003). Occupational health and safety management in small size
enterprises: an overview of the situation and avenues for intervention and research. Safety Science, 41, 301-318.
Chang, Y. H., & Yeh, C. H. (2004). A new airline safety index. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 38(4), 369-383.
Chhokar, J. S., & Wallin, J. A. (1984). Improving safety through applied behavior analysis. Journal of safety research, 15(4), 141-151.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In
Modern Methods for Business Research, G. A. Marcoulides (ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 295-336.
Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C., & Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace safety: a meta-
analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Journal of applied psychology, 94(5), 1103.
Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P. Y., & Rosecrance, J. (2010). The effects of error management climate
and safety communication on safety: A multi-level study. Incident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1498-1506.
Clarke, R. D. (1982). Worker participation in health and safety in Canada. International Labour
Review, 121(2), 199-206.
Clarke, S. (2006). The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: a meta-analytic review. Journal of occupational health psychology, 11(4), 315.
Claxton, G., Hosie, P., & Sharma, P. (2022). Toward an effective occupational health and safety
culture: A multiple stakeholder perspective. Journal of safety research.
Costella, M. F., Saurin, T. A., & de Macedo Guimarães, L. B. (2009). A method for assessing health and safety management systems from the resilience engineering perspective. Safety Science, 47(8), 1056-1067.
Cui, L., Fan, D., Fu, G., & Zhu, C. J. (2013). An integrative model of organizational safety
behavior. Journal of Safety Research, 45, 37-46.
Curcuruto, M., & Griffin, M. A. (2023). Upward safety communication in the workplace: How
team leaders stimulate employees’ voice through empowering and monitoring supervision. Safety science, 157, 105947.
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19.
Dedobbeleer, N., & Béland, F. (1991). A safety climate measure for construction sites. Journal
of safety research, 22(2), 97-103.
Department of Occupational Safety and Health. (2023). Occupational Safety and Health Master Plan 2021-2015. Retrieved from https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/publication-ul/oshmp2025/4219-occupational-master-plan-2125/file
Din, S. U., Khan, M. A., Farid, H., & Rodrigo, P. (2023). Proactive personality: A bibliographic
review of research trends and publications. Personality and Individual Differences, 205, 112066.
Dodoo, J. E., Surienty, L., & Al-Samarraie, H. (2023). The influence of learning-oriented
leadership for promoting future-directed workplace safety in the mining industry. Safety science, 159, 106010.
Eiff, G., & Mattson, M. (1998). Moving toward an organizational safety culture. SAE
transactions, 1310-1327.
El-Mashaleh, M. S., Rababeh, S. M., & Hyari, K. H. (2010). Utilizing data envelopment analysis to benchmark safety performance of construction contractors. International journal of project management, 28(1), 61-67.
Enshassi, A., El-Rayyes, Y., & Alkilani, S. (2015). Job stress, job burnout and safety performance in the Palestinian construction industry. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 20(2), 170-187.
Eunju, R. (2009). The impacts of organizational communication public and non-profit managers: Perception of red tape.
European Transport Safety Council. (2001). Transport safety performance indicators.
ETSC, Brussels.
Fernandez-Muniz, B., Montes-Peon, J. M., & Vazquez-Ordas, C. J., (2009). Relation between
occupational safety management and firm performance. Safety Science, 47, 980-991.
Fernandez-Muniz, B., Montes-Peon, J. M., & Vazquez-Ordas, C. J. (2012). Safety climate in
OHSAS 18001-certified organisations: Antecedents and consequences of safety behaviour. Incident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 745-758.
Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2014). Safety leadership, risk management and safety performance in Spanish firms. Safety science, 70, 295-307.
Ford, M. T., & Tetrick, L. E. (2011). Relations among occupational hazards, attitudes, and safety performance. Journal of occupational health psychology, 16(1), 48.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable
variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fruhen, L. S., Andrei, D. M., & Griffin, M. A. (2022). Leaders as motivators and meaning makers: How perceived leader behaviors and leader safety commitment attributions shape employees’ safety behaviors. Safety science, 152, 105775.
Gay, L. R., & Diehl, P. L. (1992). Research methods for business and management. Macmillan Publishing Company.
Gevers, J. K. M. (1983). Worker participation in health and safety in the EEC: The role of
representative institutions. International Labour Review, 122(4), 411-428.
Gibb, A. G. F., Haslam, R., Gyi, D. E., Hide, S. & Duff, R. (2006). What Causes Incidents?
Paper presented at Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Civil Engineering, 159(6), 46-50.
Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., & McKenna, E. (2016). Human safety and risk management. Crc Press.
Glendon, A. I., & Litherland, D. K. (2001). Safety climate factors, group differences and safety
behaviour in road construction. Safety Science, 39, 157-188.
Goetsch, D. L., & Ozon, G. (2011). Occupational safety and health for technologists, engineers,
and managers (Vol. 5). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Griffin, M. A., & Neal, A. (2000). Perceptions of safety at work: a framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. Journal of occupational health psychology, 5(3), 347.
Gümü?, R., Ayhan, M., & Gümü?, B. (2023). Safety climate in marble industry and its influence
on safety performance and occupational accidents. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 78(1), 48-59.
Hadjimanolis, A., Boustras, G., Economides, A., Yiannaki, A., & Nicolaides, L. (2015). Work
attitudes and safety performance in micro-firms – Results from a nationwide survey: (the opinion of the employees). Safety Science, 80, 135-143.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least
squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet, Journal of
Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L.(2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall
Halim, H. A., Ahmad, N. H., Ramayah, T., & Taghizadeh, S. K. (2016). CAPTURING THE'PIONEERING MINDS'VIA HUMAN CAPITAL: THE IMPACT ON INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE OF MALAYSIAN SMEs. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 21.
Harvey, S., Blouin, C., & Stout, D. (2006). Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and Individual Differences 40, 1063-1074.
Hasle, P., & Limborg, H. J. (2006). A review of the literature on preventive occupational health and safety activities in small enterprises. Industrial health, 44(1), 6-12.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology
research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems,116(1), 2-20.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path
modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(1), 277-319.
Hoopes, D. G., Madsen, T. L., & Walker, G. (2003). Guest editors' introduction to the special issue: why is there a resource?based view? Toward a theory of competitive heterogeneity. Strategic management journal, 24(10), 889-902.
Ichniowski, C., Shaw, K., & Prennushi, G. (1997). The effects of human resource practices on manufacturing performance: A study of steel finishing lines. American Economic Review, 87(3), 291-313.
Jarvis, M., Virovere, A., & Tint, P. (2014). Knowledge management – a neglected dimension in
discourse on safety management and safety culture – Evidence from Estonia. Safety of Technogenic Environment, 5, 5-17.
JKKP giat kurangkan kemalangan tempat kerja. (2015). Sinar Harian, p. 42.
Joo, B-K., & Lim, T. (2009). The effects of organizational learning culture, perceived job
complexity, and proactive personality on organizational commitment and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 16(1), 48-60.
Keh, H. T., Nguyen, T. T. M., & Ng, H. P. (2007). The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and marketing information on the performance of SMEs. Journal of business venturing, 22(4), 592-611.
Komaki, J., Heinzmann, A. T., & Lawson, L. (1980). Effect of training and feedback:
Component analysis of a behavioral safety program. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(3), 261-270.
Kounenou, K., Aikaterini, K., & Georgia, K. (2011). Nurses’ communication skills: Exploring their relationship with demographic variables and job satisfaction in a Greek sample. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2230-2234.
Krause, T. R., Seymour, K. J., & Sloat, K. C. M. (1999). Long-term evaluation of a behavior-based method for improving safety performance: a meta-analysis of 73 interrupted time-series replications. Safety Science, 32(1), 1-18.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Kumar, R., & Shukla, S. (2023). A theory-based approach to model entrepreneurial intentions:
Exploring the role of creativity, proactive personality and passion. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 13(2), 355-370.
Lamm, F. (1997). Small businesses and OH&S advisors. Safety Science, 25, 153-161.
Leão, C. P., & Costa, S. (2020). Safety training and occupational accidents–is there a link?.
In Advances in Social and Occupational Ergonomics: Proceedings of the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Social and Occupational Ergonomics, July 24-28, 2019, Washington DC, USA 10 (pp. 536-543). Springer International Publishing.
Legg, S. J., Olsen, K. B., Laird, I. S., & Hasle, P. (2015). Managing safety in small and medium
enterprises. Safety Science, 71, 189-196.
Lingard, H. (2002). The effect of first aid training on Australian construction workers'
occupational health and safety motivation and risk control behavior. Journal of safety research, 33(2), 209-230.
Liu, B., Xu, Q., Xin, X., Cui, X., Ji, M., & You, X. (2023). How can proactive personality affect
cabin attendants’ safety behaviors? The moderating roles of social support and safety climate. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 29(1), 243-253.
Lu, C-S., & Yang, C-S. (2011). Safety climate and safety behavior in the passenger ferry context.
Incident Analysis and Prevention, 43(1), 329-341.
Malaysia Occupational Safety and Health Act and Regulations Act 514. (1994). Occupational
Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997. MDC Publishers Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mashi, M. S., Subramaniam, C., & Johari, J. (2020). The effect of management commitment to safety, and safety communication and feedback on safety behavior of nurses: the moderating role of consideration of future safety consequences. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(20), 2565-2594.
Mashi, M. S., Subramaniam, C., Johari, J., & Suleiman Abubakar, S. (2023). Understanding safety management practices and safety performance amid coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic among nurses in public hospitals. International Journal of Public Administration, 46(10), 716-727.
Masi, D., & Cagno, E. (2015). Barriers to OHS interventions in small and medium-sized enterprises. Safety science, 71, 226-241.
McKinney, P. (2002). Expanding HSE’s ability to communicate with small firms: A targeted
approach (No. 420/2002): Prepared by AEA Technology plc for the Health and Safety Executive.
Mehmood, K., Iftikhar, Y., Khan, A. N., & Kwan, H. K. (2023). The Nexus Between High-
Involvement Work Practices and Employees’ Proactive Behavior in Public Service Organizations: A Time-Lagged Moderated-Mediation Model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1571-1586.
Miozza, M. L., & Wyld, D. C. (2002). The carrot or the soft stick?: the perspective of American
safety professionals on behaviour and incentive?based protection programmes. Management Research News, 25(11), 23-41.
Naji, G. M. A., Isha, A. S. N., Alazzani, A., Saleem, M. S., & Alzoraiki, M. (2022). Assessing the
mediating role of safety communication between safety culture and employees safety performance. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 840281.
Neal, A., Griffin, M. A., & Hart, P. M. (2000). The impact of organizational climate on safety
climate and individual behavior. Safety Science, 34, 99-109.
Ngige, C. V., Badekale, A., & Hammanjoda, I. (2016). Mitigating Organisational Conflict through Effective Communication Management. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research, 3(4), 1-8.
Nunnally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Peiró, J. M., Nielsen, K., Latorre, F., Shepherd, R., & Vignoli, M. (2020). Safety training for
migrant workers in the construction industry: A systematic review and future research agenda. Journal of occupational health psychology, 25(4), 275.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource?based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Qin, Y. S., & Men, L. R. (2023). Exploring the impact of internal communication on employee
psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of employee organizational trust. International Journal of Business Communication, 60(4), 1197-1219.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0 (beta).
Rokooei, S., Shojaei, A., Alvanchi, A., Azad, R., & Didehvar, N. (2023). Virtual reality application
for construction safety training. Safety science, 157, 105925.
Rooney, P. M. (1992). Employee ownership and worker participation: effects on health and
safety. Economics Letters, 39(3), 323-328.
Roughton, J., & Mercurio, J. (2002). Developing an effective safety culture: A leadership approach. Elsevier.
Ruano-Ferrer, F., & Gutiérrez-Giner, M. I. (2023). Safety perception in the operating environment: The nurses’ perspective versus that of the surgeons. Heliyon, 9(1).
Samad, S. (2007). Social structural characteristics and employee empowerment: The role of
proactive personality. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(4), 254-264.
Seibert, S. E., Crant, J. M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416-427.
Sgourou, E., Katsakiori, P., Goutsos, S., & Manatakis, E. (2010). Assessment of selected safety
performance evaluation methods in regards to their conceptual, methodological and practical characteristics. Safety Science, 48, 1019-1025.
Shannon, H. S., Walters, V., Lewchuk, W., Richardson, J., Moran, L. A., Haines, T., & Verma, D. (1996). Workplace organizational correlates of lost?time incident rates in manufacturing. American journal of industrial medicine, 29(3), 258-268.
Small Medium Enterprise Corporation Malaysia (SME Corp.) (2023). MSME Insights 2021 (New Release). Retrieved from SME Corporation: http://www.smecorp.gov.my
Špoljari?, A., & Tkalac Ver?i?, A. (2022). Internal communication satisfaction and employee
engagement as determinants of the employer brand. Journal of Communication Management, 26(1), 130-148.
Stricoff, R. S. (2000). Safety performance measurement: Identifying prospective indicators with high validity. Professional Safety, 45(1), 36.
Surienty, L., Hong, K. T., & Hung, D. K. M. (2011). Occupational safety and health (OSH) in SMEs in Malaysia: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 65-75.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA:
Pearson Education.
Tan, X., Liu, G., & Cheng, S. (2024). How does ESG performance affect green transformation of resource-based enterprises: Evidence from Chinese listed enterprises. Resources Policy, 89, 104559.
Ta?tan, S. B. (2013). The Influences of participative organizational climate and self-leadership on innovative behavior and the roles of job involvement and proactive personality: A Survey in the Context of SMEs in Izmir. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 407-419.
Turban, D. B., Moake, T. R., Wu, S. Y. H., & Cheung, Y. H. (2017). Linking extroversion and proactive personality to career success: The role of mentoring received and knowledge. Journal of Career Development, 44(1), 20-33.
Upadhyay, S., Weech-Maldonado, R., Lemak, C. H., Stephenson, A., Mehta, T., & Smith, D. G.
(2020). Resource-based view on safety culture’s influence on hospital performance: The moderating role of electronic health record implementation. Health care management review, 45(3), 207-216.
Vassie, L. H., & Lucas, W. R. (2001). An assessment of health and safety management within working groups in the UK manufacturing sector. Journal of safety research, 32(4), 479-490.
Vinodkumar, M. N., & Bhasi, M. (2010). Safety management practices and safety behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and motivation. Incident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 2082-2093.
Vredenburgh, A. G. (2002). Organizational safety: which management practices are most effective in reducing employee injury rates? Journal of safety Research, 33(2), 259-276.
Vu, T. V., Vo?Thanh, T., Chi, H., Nguyen, N. P., Nguyen, D. V., & Zaman, M. (2022). The role of perceived workplace safety practices and mindfulness in maintaining calm in employees during times of crisis. Human Resource Management, 61(3), 315-333.
Wahab, M. A., & Blackman, D. (2023). Proactive personalities, trait competitiveness and well-
being among retail employees: job burnout as a mediator. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 17(1), 185-202.
Walker, D., & Tait, R. (2004). Health and safety management in small enterprises: an effective
low cost approach. Safety Science, 42, 69-83.
Walters, D. (1998). Employee representation and health and safety: a strategy for improving health and safety performance in small enterprises? Employee relations, 20(2), 180-195.
Weiss, W. M., & Halupnik, D. (2013). Commitment to strength and conditioning: A sport commitment model perspective. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 718-722.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource?based view of the firm. Strategic management journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wiegmann, D. A., Zhang, H., Von Thaden, T. L., Sharma, G., & Gibbons, A. M. (2004). Safety culture: An integrative review. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 14(2), 117-134.
Wu, T-S., Chen, C-H., & Li, C-C. (2008). A correlation among safety leadership, safety climate
and safety performance. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,21, 307-318.
Yesilyaprak, T., & Korkmaz, D. F. (2023). The relationship between surgical intensive care
unit nurses' patient safety culture and adverse events. Nursing in Critical Care, 28(1), 63-71.
Yorio, P. L., & Wachter, J. K. (2014). The impact of human performance focused safety and health management practices on injury and illness rates: Do size and industry matter?. Safety science, 62, 157-167.
Zacharatos, A., Barling, J., & Iverson, R. D. (2005). High-performance work systems and
occupational safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 77-93.
Zakaria, M., Hashim, M. K., & Ahmad, S. (2004). Malaysian SMEs perceptions of e-business:
Some empirical evidence. In M. K. Hashim, Business practice in Malaysia small and medium-sized enterprises (pp. 63-75). Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Zhao, H., Peng, Z., & Sheard, G. (2013). Workplace ostracism and hospitality employees’ counterproductive work behaviors: The joint moderating effects of proactive personality and political skill. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 219-227.
Zimmermann, N., & Duffy, V. G. (2023). Systematic Literature Review of Safety Management Systems in Aviation Maintenance Operations. Human-Automation Interaction, 311-328.
Zohar, D., & Polachek, T. (2014). Discourse-based intervention for modifying supervisory
communication as leverage for safety climate and performance improvement: A randomized field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 113-124.
Zulkifly, S. S., Zahir, N. S. M., & Ranjan, M. Z. (2023). Factors of Leadership and Behaviour Towards Organisational Safety Performance: A Predictive Model for Small and Medium Manufacturing Industry. International Journal of Safety & Security Engineering, 13(2).

(Saat et al., 2024)
Saat, M. Z. M., Mashi, M. S., Subramaniam, C., & Shamsudin, F. M. (2024). The Relationship between Management Practices and Safety Performance in Manufacturing SMEs: The Moderating Role of Proactive Personality. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(5), 1585–1619.