ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Gender inequality is still happening in the field of entrepreneurship because of gender stereotype where successful women is housewives. The Government of Indonesia has supported the existence of development facilities through entrepreneurship training program. The proposed framework is built on Theory of Planned Behavior combined with gender stereotype as antecedent variable. The samples of 200 students are selected by random-sampling method and analysed by structural equation modelling. The finding shows gender stereotypes effect on entrepreneurship intention that is mediated by perceived behavioral control. Gender stereotypes also affect subjective norms. This study confirms Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm have positive influence on individual’s intention. This study also contributes to evaluate the training program to ensure that women and men have equal opportunities to develop skills and knowledge, so that every individual feels confident in becoming an entrepreneur. Additionally, creating a supportive and inclusive training environment that actively addresses and mitigates gender stereotypes can enhance participants' confidence and entrepreneurial aspirations.
Adom, K., & Anambane, G. (2020). Understanding the role of culture and gender stereotypes in women entrepreneurship through the lens of the stereotype threat theory. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(1), 100–124. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2018-0070
Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Dispositional Prediction Of Behavior In Personality and Social Psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 1–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60411-6
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psycholoogy, 32(3), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes Personality and Behavior (2nd ed.). Milton-Keynes: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill.
Akter, A., Choudhury, F. H., Bagum, T., Islam, M. M., & Hasan, R. (2024). Socio-Economic Impact of Entrepreneurship Activities for the Empowerment of Women in Bangladesh. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(2), 935–953. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i2/20847
Aliedan, M. M., Elshaer, I. A., & Alyahya, M. A. (2022). Influences of University Education Support on Entrepreneurship Orientation and Entrepreneurship Intention?: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior. Sustainability, 14(13097).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013097
Almodóvar-González, M., Fernández-Portillo, A., & Díaz-Casero, J. C. (2020). Entrepreneurial activity and economic growth. A multi-country analysis. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.004
Amofah, K., & Saladrigues, R. (2022). Impact of attitude towards entrepreneurship education and role models on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00197-5
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). E Y cacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Autio, E., Keeley, R., Borrego, A., State, D., & Klofsten, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial Intent Among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA. August 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632
Berkery, E., & Ryan, N. F. (2024). Think manager – Think male or female: exploring the content of gendered stereotypes of the managerial role among undergraduate business students in Ireland over a 10-year period. Gender in Management, 39(3), 328–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-03-2023-0099
Brown, M. J., & Gladstone, N. (2012). Development of a Short Version of the Gender Role Beliefs Scale. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120205.05
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming.
Choo, S., & Wong, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial Intention?: Triggers and Barriers to New Venture Creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28(2), 47–64.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989x.1.1.16
Dao, T. K., Bui, A. T., Doan, T. T. T., Dao, N. T., Le, H. H., & Le, T. T. H. (2021). Impact of academic majors on entrepreneurial intentions of Vietnamese students: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Heliyon, 7(3), e06381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06381
Echols, J. M., & Shadily, H. (2005). Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Esfandiar, K., Shari-Tehrani, M., Pratt, S., & Altinay, L. (2017). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions?: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045
Feola, R., Vesci, M., Botti, A., & Parente, R. (2019). The Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention of Young Researchers: Combining the Theory of Planned Behavior with the Triple Helix Model. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(4), 1424–1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12361
Fiske, S. T. (2000). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries?: Evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 299–322.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1994). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of marketing research?. Advances Methods of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2023). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report Adapting to a “New Normal.” https://www.gemconsortium.org/reports/latest-global-report
Golda, S. R. S., & Stella, J. M. (2022). Elaine Showalter ’ s Feminine Phase and Gender Stereotypes as Evidenced in Stephenie Meyer ’ s Twilight. Journal of English Language and Literature, 4(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918685
Government of Indonesia. (2022). Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2 of 2022 concerning National Entrepreneurship Development for 2021-2024. In Sekretariat Negara.
Grzelec, A. (2024). Doing gender equality and undoing gender inequality—A practice theory perspective. Gender, Work and Organization, 31, 749–767.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12935
Gupta, V. K., & Bhawe, N. M. (2007). The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women’s Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(4), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130040901
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed.). Pearson.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(2009), 277–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hutasuhut, S., & Aditia, R. (2021). Overview of Student Entrepreneurship in Indonesia. The 2nd International Conference of Strategic Issues on Economics, Business and, Education (ICoSIEBE 2021), 204, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220104.012
Krueger, N. F. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Kusumojanto, D. D., Narmaditya, B. S., & Wibowo, A. (2020). Does entrepreneurial education drive students’ being entrepreneurs? Evidence from Indonesia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(2), 454–466. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.2(27)
Laguía, A., García-Ael, C., Wach, D., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). “Think entrepreneur - think male”: a task and relationship scale to measure gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(3), 749–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0553-0
Lips, H. M. (1993). Sex & Gender: An Introduction. Myfield Publishing Company.
Maes, J., Leroy, H., & Sels, L. (2014). Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: A TPB multi-group analysis at factor and indicator level. European Management Journal, 32(5), 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2014.01.001
Maresch, D., Harms, R., Kailer, N., & Wimmer-wurm, B. (2016). Technological Forecasting & Social Change The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 104, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006
Meliou, E., & Ozbilgin, M. (2023). How is the Illusio of Gender Equality in Entrepreneurship Sustained? A Bourdieusian Perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 61(4), 1536–1561. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12930
Myers, D. G. (2012). Social Psychology (B. Mejia (ed.); 10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Nam, V. H., & Tram, H. B. (2021). Business environment and innovation persistence: the case of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 30(3), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2019.1689597
Ngamsiriudom, W., Devkota, M. L., & Menon, M. K. (2022). Can Gender and Major Explain College Students’ Performance in Business Statistics? American Business Review, 25(2), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.37625/abr.25.2.253-269
Paranata, A., Pahrudin, Muzayyanah, S., & Trinh, T. H. (2023). Identification of factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior: unveiling start-up business initiatives in Indonesia. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01896-4
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
Rubini, V., & Antonelli, E. (1992). Self?gender schemata and the processing of social information. European Journal of Personality, 6(5), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410060504
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A skill Building Approach (7th Ed). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tella, A., & Issa, A. O. (2013). An Examination of Library and Information Science Undergraduate Students ’ Career Aspirations in Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment. Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, 18(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/08963568.2013.768891
Unnikrishnan, S., & Blair, C. (2021). Want to Boost the Global Economy by $5 Trillion? Support Women as Entrepreneurs. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2019/boost-global-economy-5-trillion-dollar-support-women-entrepreneurs
Verheul, I., Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. (2005). Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(4), 483–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.002
Vivekananth, S., Indiran, L., & Kohar, U. H. A. (2023). The Influence of Entrepreneurship Education on University Students’ Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(4), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.04.011
Zait, A., & Bertea, P. E. (2011). Methods for Testing Discriminant Validity. Management&Marketing, IX(2), 217–224.
Zhu, L. (2024). Gender Issues in Translation Studies: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(2), 792–807. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i2/20426
(Dewantara et al., 2024)
Dewantara, N., Rai, N. G. M., & Noer, L. R. (2024). Do Gender Stereotypes Influence Entrepreneurship Intention? Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(5), 1400–1412.
Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seenavc at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode