Work Connectivity Behaviour After-Hours: A Literature Review and Prospects

Yue, A. C. (2022). The paradox of using public social media for work: The influence of after-hours work communication on employee outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 149, 748-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.079
Baumeister, V. M., Kuen, L. P., Bruckes, M., & Schewe, G. (2021). The Relationship of Work-Related ICT Use With Well-being, Incorporating the Role of Resources and Demands: A Meta-Analysis. SAGE Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061560
Becker, W. J. B., L. Y., Conroy, S. A., & Tuskey, S. (2021). Killing me softly: Organizational e-mail monitoring expectations’ impact on employee and significant other well-being. Journal of Management, 47(4), 1024-1052. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920631989
Boswell, W. R., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2007). The Use of Communication Technologies After Hours: The Role of Work Attitudes and Work-Life Conflict. Journal of Management, 33(4), 592-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307302552
Boswell, W. R., Olson-Buchanan, J. B., Butts, M. M., & Becker, W. J. (2016). Managing “after hours” electronic work communication. Organizational Dynamics, 45(4), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2016.10.004
Butts, M. M., Becker, W. J., & Boswell, W. R. (2015). Hot Buttons and Time Sinks: The Effects of Electronic Communication During Nonwork Time on Emotions and Work-Nonwork Conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 58(3), 763-788. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0170
Chao, H., & Paojui, S. ( 2023). Behavioral Effectsof Performance in Distinguishing Between Work Connectivity Behavior After-hours: Recognition Role to Compensation. Payments of Workers Fairly
Chen, F., & Zou, L. (2023). Double-Edged Sword Effects of Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours (WCBA) on Work-Family Balance. In Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Modern Management and Education Technology (MMET 2022) (pp. 398-414). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-51-0_56
Chen, Y. S. (2019). It Helps Leaders, but Harms Followers: An Experience Sampling Study of Work-family Interference and Smartphone Use in Leader-follower Dyads [Article]. Journal of Management and Business Research, 36(4), 343-367. https://doi.org/10.6504/JMBR.201912_36(4).0001
Cheng, K., Cao, X., Guo, L., & Xia, Q. (2022). Work connectivity behavior after-hours and job satisfaction: examining the moderating effects of psychological entitlement and perceived organizational support [Article]. Personnel Review, 51(9), 2277-2293. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2020-0413
Cheung, F. (2022a). Work-Related Smartphone Use at Night and Job Satisfaction: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model of Emotional Exhaustion and Organizational Dehumanization. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710674
Cheung, F. (2022b). Work-Related Smartphone Use at Night and Job Satisfaction: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model of Emotional Exhaustion and Organizational Dehumanization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), Article 10674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710674
China, N. B. o. S. I. (2023). National economy continues to rebound and improve in November.
Daily, C. (2022). 51 JOB: 2022 Telecommuting Crowd Perception Survey Report. https://caijing.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202204/25/WS6266593fa3101c3ee7ad25c2.html
Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone Use, Work-Home Interference, and Burnout: A Diary Study on the Role of Recovery. Applied Psychology, 63(3), 411-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00530.x
Derks, D., Bakker, A. B., Peters, P., & Wingerden, P. (2016). Work-related smartphone use, work–family conflict and family role performance: The role of segmentation preference. Human Relations, 69(5), 1045-1068. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715601890
Derks, D., van Mierlo, H., & Schmitz, E. B. (2014). A diary study on work-related smartphone use, psychological detachment and exhaustion: Examining the role of the perceived segmentation norm. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(1), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035076
Dettmers, J., Vahle-Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2016). Extended work availability and its relation with start-of-day mood and cortisol. J Occup Health Psychol, 21(1), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039602
Diaz, I., Chiaburu, D. S., Zimmerman, R. D., & Boswell, W. R. (2012). Communication technology: Pros and cons of constant connection to work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.007
Dong, M., Zhang, T., Li, Y., & Ren, Z. (2022). The Effect of Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours on Employee Psychological Distress: The Role of Leader Workaholism and Work-to-Family Conflict [Article]. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 722679. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.722679
?uranová, L., & Ohly, S. (2015). Persistent Work-related Technology Use, Recovery and Well-being Processes_ Focus on Supplemental Work After Hours.
?uranová, L., & Ohly, S. (2016). Conceptual Framework with the Focus on Recovery and Well-Being Processes. In Persistent Work-related Technology Use, Recovery and Well-being Processes (pp. 61-92). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24759-5_5
Elshaer, I. A., Azazz, A. M. S., & Fayyad, S. (2024). Work-related mobile internet usage during off-job time and quality of life: The role of work family conflict and off-job control. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 7(3), 1268-1279. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v7i3.3232
Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., & Davarzani, H. (2015). Green supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 162, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.01.003
Fenner, G. H., & Renn, R. W. (2010). Technology-assisted supplemental work and work-to-family conflict: The role of instrumentality beliefs, organizational expectations and time management. Human Relations, 63(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709351064
Ferguson, M., Carlson, D., Boswell, W., Whitten, D., Butts, M. M., & Kacmar, K. M. (2016). Tethered to work: A family systems approach linking mobile device use to turnover intentions. J Appl Psychol, 101(4), 520-534. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000075
Gadeyne, N., Verbruggen, M., Delanoeije, J., & De Cooman, R. (2018). All wired, all tired? Work-related ICT-use outside work hours and work-to-home conflict: The role of integration preference, integration norms and work demands [Article]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.03.008
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. J Appl Psychol, 92(6), 1524-1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Gombert, L., Konze, A. K., Rivkin, W., & Schmidt, K. H. (2018). Protect Your Sleep When Work is Calling: How Work-Related Smartphone Use During Non-Work Time and Sleep Quality Impact Next-Day Self-Control Processes at Work. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081757
Gupta, M., Shaheen, M., & Reddy, P. K. (2017). Impact of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management Development, 36(7), 973-983. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-06-2016-0084
He, C., & Sun, P. (2022). Behavioral Effects of Performance in Distinguishing Between Work Connectivity Behavior After-hours: Recognition Role to Compensation Payments o.
He, H., Li, D., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, P. (2023). The spillover effect of work connectivity behaviors on employees' family: Based on the perspective of work-home resource model [Article]. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1067645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067645
Hollmann, R. W. (1979). Employee preferences for overtime work. Human Resource Management, 18(2), 24-31.
Hu, W., Ye, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Off-Time Work-Related Smartphone Use and Bedtime Procrastination of Public Employees: A Cross-Cultural Study. Front Psychol, 13, 850802. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.850802
Ji-eun, J., Kim, S.-W., & Myeong-Ryoon, O. (2018). The Impact of After Hour Work-related Smartphone Uses on Emotional Labor. Medico-Legal Update, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-1283.2018.00052.X
Jiaojiao, Z., & Wenhao, L. (2022). The Double-edged Sword Effect in Organizational Behavior Research: Typical Patterns and Strategy Suggestions. management reviews, 43(9), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.14120/j.cnki.cn11-5057/f.2022.09.023
Lanaj, K., Johnson, R. E., & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001
Lee, S., Zhou, Z. E., Xie, J., & Guo, H. (2021). Work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours and employee fatigue: the exacerbating effect of affective commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 36(6), 477-490. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-12-2019-0677
Lei, Y., & Su, F. (2019). Work-related use of Information and Communication Technologies after Hours(W_ICTs) and Work Engagement in Service Industry: Based on Experience Sampling Method. 2019 16th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), Shenzhen, China, 1-6,. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSSM.2019.8887728.
Li, J., Chen, H., Wang, L., & Bao, J. (2023). Tit for tat? A study on the relationship between work connectivity behavior after-hours and employees' time banditry behavior. Front Psychol, 14, 1322313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1322313
Li, J., & Yuan, B. (2018). Smartphone Intrusion: Has Social Interaction Online Blurred the Work–Life Boundary of Employees?. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 59(4), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965518777217
Liao, G., Feng, L., Zheng, X., & Zhou, J. (2024). Buffering or boosting? The dynamic curvilinear relationship between work-related use of information and communication technologies after-hours and wok procrastination. Heliyon, 10(10), e30565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30565
Liu, Y., Bai, Q., & Yuan, Y. e. a. (2024). Impact of work connectivity behavior after-hours on employees’ unethical pro-family behavior. Current Psychology, 43(13), 11785–11803 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05291-9
Liu, Y., Wang, W., & Liu, J. (2023). Work-related use of information and communication technologies (W_ICTs) and job satisfaction of kindergarten teachers: A moderated mediation model. Acta Psychol (Amst), 237, 103947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103947
Mellner, C. (2016). After-hours availability expectations, work-related smartphone use during leisure, and psychological detachment. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 9(2), 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-07-2015-0050
Meng, Y., Hanying, T., Julan, X., Hongyu, M., & Shanshan, Y. (2018). Work-Related Use of Information and Communication Technologies after Hours: “Double-Edge Sword” Effect and Psychological Mechanism. Psychological Science, 41(1), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20180124
Methot, J. R., & LePine, J. A. (2015). Too Close for Comfort? Investigating the Nature and Functioning of Work and Non-work Role Segmentation Preferences. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(1), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-015-9402-0
Metin, U. B., Taris, T. W., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2016). Measuring procrastination at work and its associated workplace aspects. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 254-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.006
Ohly, S., & Latour, A. (2014). Work-Related Smartphone Use and Well-Being in the Evening. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 13(4), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000114
Park, I.-J., Shim, S.-H., Hai, S., Kwon, S., & Kim, T. G. (2021). Cool down emotion, don’t be fickle! The role of paradoxical leadership in the relationship between emotional stability and creativity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(14), 2856-2886. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1891115
Park, J.-C., Kim, S., & Lee, H. (2020). Effect of work-related smartphone use after work on job burnout: Moderating effect of social support and organizational politics. Computers in Human Behavior, 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106194
Park, Y., Fritz, C., & Jex, S. M. (2011). Relationships between work-home segmentation and psychological detachment from work: The role of communication technology use at home. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023594
Park, Y., Liu, Y., & Headrick, L. (2020). When work is wanted after hours: Testing weekly stress of information communication technology demands using boundary theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(6), 518-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2461
Percy, L., & Yang, L. (2022). The Relationship between Work Connectivity Behavior After-hours and Teachers’ Job Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model. Frontiers in Educational Research, 5(19). https://doi.org/10.25236/fer.2022.051907
Ragsdale, J. M., & Hoover, C. S. (2016). Cell phones during nonwork time: A source of job demands and resources. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.017
Ren, S., Babalola, M. T., Ogbonnaya, C., Hochwarter, W. A., Akemu, O., & Agyemang-Mintah, P. (2022). Employee thriving at work: The long reach of family incivility and family support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(1), 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2559
Richardson, K., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2011). Examining the antecedents of work connectivity behavior during non-work time. Information and Organization, 21(3), 142-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2011.06.002
Richardson, K. M., & Thompson, C. A. (2012). High Tech Tethers and Work-family Conflict: A Conservation of Resources Approach. https://doi.org/10.5539/emr.v1n1p29
Rivkin, W., Diestel, S., & Schmidt, K.-H. (2014). Psychological detachment: A moderator in the relationship of self-control demands and job strain. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(3), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2014.924926
Schieman, S., Young, M. C. (2013). Are communications about work outside regular working hours associated with work-to-family conflict, psychological distress and sleep problems? . Work & Stress, 27(3), 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.817090
Schlachter, S., McDowall, A., Cropley, M., & Inceoglu, I. (2017). Voluntary Work-related Technology Use during Non-work Time: A Narrative Synthesis of Empirical Research and Research Agenda [Article]. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 825-846. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12165
Schmoll, R. (2019). Explaining Work Connectivity Behavior during Non-Work Time with an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. In ICIS, 1-17.
Tennakoon, S. K. L. U., Silveira, G. J. C., & Taras, D. G. (2013). Drivers of context-specific ICT use across work and nonwork domains: A boundary theory perspective. Information and Organization, 23(2), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2013.03.002
Shi, Y., Zhang, H., Xie, J., & Ma, H. (2018). Work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours and focus on opportunities: The moderating role of work-family centrality. Current Psychology, 40(2), 639-646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9979-3
Sonnentag, S. (2012). Psychological Detachment From Work During Leisure Time. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(2), 114-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411434979
Tao, A., Xu, Q., Zhou, C., Wang, W., & Yu, F. (2023). Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours and Turnover Intention: A Configuration Perspective [Article]. SAGE Open, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231218847
Hoeven, C. L., van Zoonen, W., & Fonner, K. L. (2016). The practical paradox of technology: The influence of communication technology use on employee burnout and engagement. Commun Monogr, 83(2), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1133920
Thelwall, M. (2008). Bibliometrics to webometrics. Journal of Information Science, 34(4), 605-621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551507087238
Fossen, J. A., Baker, N. M., Mack, E. A., Chang, C.-H., Cotten, S. R., Catalano, I., & Wang, M. (2023). The Moderating Effect of Scheduling Autonomy on Smartphone Use and Stress Among Older Workers. Work, Aging and Retirement, 9(4), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waac017
Laethem, M., van Vianen, A. E. M., & Derks, D. (2018). Daily Fluctuations in Smartphone Use, Psychological Detachment, and Work Engagement: The Role of Workplace Telepressure. Front Psychol, 9, 1808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01808
Wang, F., Zhang, Z., & Shi, W. (2022). Relationship between daily work connectivity behavior after hours and work–leisure conflict: Role of psychological detachment and segmentation preference. PsyCh Journal, 12(2), 250-262. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.625
Wang, F., Zhang, Z., & Shi, W. (2023). Effects of segmentation supply and segmentation preference on work connectivity behaviour after hours: a person–environment fit perspective [Article]. Current Psychology, 42(32), 28146-28159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03899-x
Wang, H., Liu, P., Zhao, X., Li, A., & Xiao, C. (2022). Work-Related Use of Information and Communication Technologies After Hours (W_ICTs) and Work-Family Conflict: A Moderated Mediation Model. SAGE Open, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221120169
Wang, R., Li, Z., Bu, C., & Zhu, W. (2023). Work connectivity behavior after-hours spills over to cyberloafing: the roles of motivation and workaholism. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 38(8), 597-610. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-11-2022-0602
Wei, & Peishan. (2023). The Influence of Work Connectivity Behavior After-hours on Employees' Withdrawal Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Work Stress. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Social Science, 1(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.62309/mhay6b27
WU, J., & GUO, S. (2022). Does Social-related Use of Enterprise Social Media Aggravate or Alleviate Employee Emotional Exhaustion? The Roles of Emotion Regulation Strategy and Job Autonomy Human Resources Development of China. https://doi.org/10.16471/j.cnki.11-2822/c.2022.10.003
Wu, T.-J., Liang, Y., Duan, W.-Y., & Zhang, S.-D. (2024). Forced shift to teleworking: how after-hours ICTs implicate COVID-19 perceptions when employees experience abusive supervision. Current Psychology, 43(26), 22686-22700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05609-7
Xiaojuan Ou, C., Ling Sia, C., & Kit Hui, C. (2013). Computer?mediated communication and social networking tools at work. Information Technology & People, 26(2), 172-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-04-2013-0067
Xie, J., Ma, H., Zhou, Z. E., & Tang, H. (2018). Work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours (W_ICTs) and emotional exhaustion: A mediated moderation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.023
Xu, C., Yao, Z., & Xiong, Z. (2022). The Impact of Work-Related Use of Information and Communication Technologies After Hours on Time Theft. Journal of Business Ethics, 187(1), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05167-1
Yang, Y., Yan, R., Li, X., Meng, Y., & Xie, G. (2023). Different Results from Varied Angles: The Positive Impact of Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours on Work Engagement. Behavioral Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13120971
Yang, Y., Yan, R., & Meng, Y. (2022). Can’t Disconnect Even After-Hours: How Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours Affects Employees’ Thriving at Work and Family. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865776
Zhang, L., Tekleab, A. G., Piszczek, M., & Qiu, Y. (2023). Does after-hours work-related information and communication technology use promote work engagement? A preliminary daily Dairy study. Journal of Business Research, 157, Article 113551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113551
Zhang, N., Shi, Y., Tang, H., Ma, H., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2021). Does work-related ICT use after hours (WICT) exhaust both you and your spouse? The spillover-crossover mechanism from WICT to emotional exhaustion. Current Psychology, 42(3), 1773-1788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01584-z
Zhu, F., Gao, Y., & Chen, X. (2024). Freedom or bondage? The double-edged sword effect of work connectivity behavior after-hours on employee occupational mental health. Chinese Management Studies, 18(1), 265-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-01-2022-0008

Lihualei, L., & Arshad, M. A. Bin. (2024). Work Connectivity Behaviour After-Hours: A Literature Review and Prospects. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(9), 2045–2068.

Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode