ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
This study aims to develop and measure the content validity, and reliability of the ‘Instrumen Kecelaruan Insomnia (IKI)’ or Insomnia Disorder Instrument (IDI). This instrument is designed to measure the level of insomnia disorder among individuals. The basic principle construction IDI is based on the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders, V Edition. This instrument contains 16 negative items divided into 8 subscales which contain 2 items in each subscales. Subscale 1: Main Symptoms, Subscale 2: Significant Clinical Impact, Subscale 3: One-Week Duration, Subscale 4: Three-Month Duration, Subscale 5: Persistent Sleep Difficulty, Subscale 6: Other Sleep Disorders, Subscale 7: Substance or Medication; and Subscale 8: Other Mental Disorders. The content validity of IDI was evaluated by 7 experts, consisting of 3 education lecturers and 4 registered counsellors. A total of 40 respondents aged 15 to 40 years were selected to obtain the reliability value. The quantitative findings of the study using Content Validity Ratio (CVR) indicated that the instrument has good content validity, with all 16 items meeting the minimum CVR value (N=7, CVRcritical = 0.622). The reliability of the instrument showed a high value of .847. Therefore, this study has successfully produced the IDI questionnaire which has good validity and reliability values for use in the field of psychology and counselling in Malaysia.
Ahn, D. H. (2013). Insomnia: Causes and diagnosis. Hanyang Medical Reviews, 33(4), 203. https://doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2013.33.4.203
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Text revision (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Benca, R. M., Obermeyer, W. H., Thisted, R. A., & Gillin, J. C. (1992). Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta- analysis. Archives of general psychiatry, 49(8), 651-668.
Bhaskar, S., Hemavathy, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 5(4), 780. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.201153
Boland, E. M., Goldschmied, J. R., & Gehrman, P. R. (2023). Does insomnia treatment prevent depression. Sleep Research Society, 46, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad104
Conolley, J.C., & Kramer, J.J. (1989). The Tenth Mental Measurements Yearbook. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press dalam L.R. Gay., & Diehl, P.L. (eds.) (1992). Research Methods for Business and Management. New York: Mac Millan Publishing. Company.
Darussalam, G., &Hussin, S. (2018). Metodologi Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan.Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Fadeuilhe, C., Daigre, C., Richarte, V., Grau-Lópe, L., Palma-Álvare, R. F., Corrale, M., & Ramos-Quirog, J. A. (2021). Insomnia Disorder in Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Patients Clinical Comorbidity and Treatment Correlates. 12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.663889
Ferini-Strambi, L., Auer, R., Bjorvatn, B., Castronovo, V., Franco, O., Gabutti, L., Galbiati, A., Hajak, G., Khatami, R., Kitajima, T., McEvoy, D., Nissen, C., Perlis, M., Pevernagie, D. A., Randerath, W., Riemann, D., Rizzo, G., Someren, E. V., Vgontzas, A., … Bassetti, C. (2021). Insomnia disorder clinical and research challenges for the 21st century. Europian Journal of Neurology, 28, 2156–2167. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14784
Have, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., van Dorsselaer, S., Tuithof, M., Kleinjan, M., & de Graaf, R. (2016). Insomnia among current and remitted common mental disorders and the association with role functioning: Results from a general population study. Sleep Medicine, 25, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.015
Hudgens, S., Phillips-Beyer, A., Newton, L., SeboekKinter, D., & Benes, H. (2021). Development and Validation of the Insomnia Daytime Symptoms and Impacts Questionnaire IDSIQ. 14, 249–268.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1973) Foundations of Behavioral Researcher (2nd Ed.). New York.
Konting, M. M. (1998). Teacher effectiveness: the beliefs of effective bahasa melayu teachers. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 6(1), 1-2. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JSSH%20Vol.%206%20(1)%20Mar.%201998%20(View%20Full%20Journal).pdf#page=4
Lawshe, H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lewis, R., Gary, F. (2005). Templeton, and Terry Anthony Byrd.(2005). A methodology for construct development in MIS research.European Journal of Information Systems. 14(4), 388-400. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000552
Mahamade, R., Zolezzi, A., Awaisu, A., &Zolezzi, M. (2020). A Systematic Review of Instruments for the Assessment of Insomnia in Adults. Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 377–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S250918
Mayer, G., Happe, S., Evers, S., Hermann, W., Jansen, S., Kallweit, U., Muntean, M.-L., Pöhlau, D., Riemann, D., Saletu, M., Schichl, M., Schmitt, W. J., Sixel-Döring, F., & Young, P. (2021). Insomnia in neurological diseases. Neurological Research and Practice, 3(15). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-021-00106-3
Noah, S. M. (2005). Pengujian dan penilaian dalam kaunseling teori dan aplikasi. Serdang Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Patel, A. K. K., Reddy, V., Shumway, K. R., & Araujo, J. F. (2024, January 26). Physiology, sleep stages. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526132/
Perlis, M. L., Pigeon, W. R., Grandner, M. A., Bishop, T. M., Riemann, D., Ellis, J. G., Teel, J. R., & Posner, D. A. (2021). Why Treat Insomnia? Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150132721101408
Perlis, M. L., Posner, D., Riemann, D., Bastien, C. H., Teel, J., &Thase, M. (2022). Sleep and Sleep Disorders 2 Insomnia. 400, 1047–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00879-0
Roach, M., Juday, T., Tuly, R., Chou, J. W., Jena, A. b., &Doghramji, P. P. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities in Insomnia Disorder. International Journal of Neuroscienc. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2020.1773460
Sharma, M., & Andrade, C. (2012). Behavioral interventions for insomnia: Theory and practice. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(4), 359. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019- 5545.104825
Valette, R. M. (1997). Modern Language Testing: A handbook (2nd ed). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Wiersma, W. (2000). Research in Education: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Yuksel, D., Prouty, D., Bei, B., Baker, F., & De Zambotti, M. (2021). Re-thinking insomnia disorder in adolescents the importance of an accurate diagnosis. Sleep Research Society, 44(12), 1–2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab221
Zaini, M. I. H., & Selamat, M. N. (2023). Hubungan Antara Personaliti dan Insomnia dalam Kalangan Pelajar Prasiswazah Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 7(2), 1–10.
Sulaiman, N., Rashid, H. A., & Arip, M. A. S. M. (2025). Development, Validity and Reliability of ‘Instrumen Kecelaruan Insomnia (IKI)’ – Malay Version. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(2), 169–184.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode