ISSN: 2222-6990
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The glory achieved by civilization is influenced by various factors, including establishing interactions with other civilizations. The demand for such interactions is driven by the human nature of mutual dependence on one another. Due to the importance of interaction in a civilization, historical records demonstrate that the Malay civilization, from its proto-historical kingdoms to the coastal empires, has engaged in interactions with other civilizations such as China, India, Ryukyu, the Ottoman Turks, and Arab-Persians. From time to time, the network of interactions among the Malay states expanded as they began to engage with European powers that first arrived in the Malay Archipelago due to exploration and colonization missions in the 16th century AD. This qualitative study aims to identify and analyze the forms of interaction between the Malay government and European powers, particularly focusing on technological interactions based on selected Malay historiography texts. The analysis of Malay historiography texts in this study indicates that there is a technological interaction, including cannons, ships, and cars, between the Malay kingdoms and European powers.
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