ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
Previous studies consistently reported a well-established relationship between servant leadership and work performance. However, the majority of these studies have been conducted in developed Western countries, resulting in a limited body of research in the academic sector, specifically among academicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Consequently, this study aims to address this gap in two ways. Firstly, it examines the influence of servant leadership dimensions (namely, emotional healing, empowerment, assistance to subordinates, prioritizing subordinates, creating value, conceptual skills, and ethical behaviour) on work performance (comprising task performance and Organizational Citizenship Behaviours). Secondly, it aims to explore the mediating role of employee creativity on the work performance of Saudi academic members. Rooted in the social exchange theory, this study asserts that servant leaders cultivate relationships with followers beyond economic incentives or positional authority. The study utilized a quantitative research design, employing a survey method to gather data. A cross-sectional survey collected primary data from 394 academic staff working in KSA's universities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS was employed to empirically and statistically test the conceptual model. Findings revealed that certain servant leadership dimensions significantly influenced task performance, such as behaving ethically, creating value, and helping subordinates. However, dimensions like emotional healing, empowerment, putting subordinates first, and conceptual skills showed a non-significant influence on task performance. Direct paths between servant leadership dimensions had an insignificant influence on OCB. All servant leadership dimensions significantly influenced employee creativity, except for conceptual skills and empowerment. Furthermore, hypotheses testing using bootstrapping revealed that employee creativity mediated the relationship between emotional healing, behaving ethically, creating value, helping subordinates, and putting subordinates first with task performance. Additionally, employee creativity only mediated the relationship between behaving ethically and OCB. In conclusion, the study's findings offer valuable insights for KSA's university leaders and policymakers, encouraging the development of servant leaders in influential positions.
Abdel-Qader, M. A., Abu Quleh, M., Almahyra, M., & Hindawi, W. (2013). The total quality management in the Jordanian universities. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), 1-12.
Aboramadan, M. (2020). Servant leadership and followers' creativity: does climate for creativity matter? Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship,
Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. (2020). Servant leadership and academics outcomes in higher education: the role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 562-584.
Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K. A., & Farao, C. (2021). Inclusive leadership and extra-role behaviors in higher education: does organizational learning mediate the relationship? International journal of educational management.
Aboramadan, M., Hamid, Z., Kundi, Y. M., & El Hamalawi, E. (2022). The effect of servant leadership on employees' extra?role behaviors in NPOs: The role of work engagement. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 33(1), 109-129.
Abu Quleh, M., Abdel-Qader, M. A., & Ibrahim, M. I. N. (2013). Using Management Control System to Improvement the Strategy. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(6), 192-198.
Ahmad, S., Fazal-E-Hasan, S. M., & Kaleem, A. (2018). How ethical leadership stimulates academics’ retention in universities: The mediating role of job-related affective well-being. International journal of educational management, 32(7), 1348-1362.
Al-Husseini, S., El Beltagi, I., & Moizer, J. (2021). Transformational leadership and innovation: the mediating role of knowledge sharing amongst higher education faculty. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(5), 670-693.
Al-Otaibi, S. A., & Ismail, W. K. W. (2020). Organisational culture and service quality among service institutions in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12(7 Special Issue), 2847-2856.
Al Hila, A. A., & Al Shobaki, M. J. (2017). The Role of Servant Leadership in Achieving Excellence Performance in Technical Colleges-Provinces of Gaza Strip.
Alonderiene, R., & Majauskaite, M. (2016). Leadership style and job satisfaction in higher education institutions. International journal of educational management, 30(1), 140-164.
Alshery, W. B. R., & Ahmad, F. B. (2016). The impact of job satisfaction, training and leadership on performance of employees while taking role ambiguity as a moderating variable: empirical study on public universities of KSA. International Business Management, 10(12), 2460-2473.
Alshuwaikhat, H., Adenle, Y., & Saghir, B. (2016). Sustainability assessment of higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 8(8), 750.
Altrasi, M. (2014). Determinants of Performance among Public Sector Managers in Saudi Arabia: An analysis of the organizational factors and job attitudes. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(3), 409-416.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in organizational behavior, 10(1), 123-167.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. CO: Westview.
Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B., & Kramer, S. J. (2004). Leader behaviors and the work environment for creativity: Perceived leader support. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 5-32.
Amah, O. E. (2018). Determining the antecedents and outcomes of servant leadership. Journal of General Management, 43(3), 126-138.
Arabnews. (2022). Education takes biggest chunk of Saudi public spending in 2022. Arabnews. Retrieved 25 July from https://www.arabnews.com/node/1986011/business-economy
Aslam, N., & Sahibzada, U. F. (2023). Catalyzing transformational leadership in Chinese hospitality industry–complexity theory perspective: mix method approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 45(2), 304-328.
Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual review of psychology, 60, 421-449.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands?resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 43(1), 83-104.
Bavik, A., Bavik, Y. L., & Tang, P. M. (2017). Servant leadership, employee job crafting, and citizenship behaviors: A cross-level investigation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(4), 364-373.
Beaton, D., Bombardier, C., Escorpizo, R., Zhang, W., Lacaille, D., Boonen, A., Osborne, R. H., Anis, A. H., Strand, C. V., & Tugwell, P. S. (2009). Measuring worker productivity: frameworks and measures. The Journal of rheumatology, 36(9), 2100-2109.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. (1993a). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. Borman (Eds) (Ed.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71–98). New York: Jossey-Bass.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. (1993b). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt and W. Borman (eds), Personnel Selection in Organizations (pp. 71-98). Jossey-Bass.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109.
Cameron, K. (2012). Positive leadership: Strategies for extraordinary performance. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology, in Dunnette, M.D. and Hough, L.M. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 687-732.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In: Dunnette MD, Hough LM, editors. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2 ed., Vol. 1 p. 687-732.). Palo Alto, CA, US: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Campbell, J. P., Charlotte H, Ford, P., Rumsey, M. G., Pulakos, E. D., Borman, W. C., Felker, D. B., De Vera, M. V., & Riegelhaupt, B. J. (1990). Development of multiple job performance measures in a representative sample of jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 277-300.
Campbell, J. P., Hanson, M. A., & Oppler, S. H. (2001). Modeling Performance in a Population of Jobs. In Exploring the Limits in Personnel Selection and Classification (pp. 307–333). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1993). A theory of performance. Personnel selection in organizations, 3570, 35-70.
Campbell, J. P., McHenry, J. J., & Wise, L. L. (1990). Modeling job performance in a population of jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 313-575.
Canavesi, A., & Minelli, E. (2021). Servant leadership: A systematic literature review and network analysis. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1-23.
Carvalho, S. W., Sen, S., de Oliveira Mota, M., & de Lima, R. C. (2010). Consumer reactions to CSR: A Brazilian perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 291-310.
Chen, M., Zada, M., Khan, J., & Saba, N. U. (2022). How Does Servant Leadership Influences Creativity? Enhancing Employee Creativity via Creative Process Engagement and Knowledge Sharing. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 947092.
Cheung, S. Y., Huang, E. G., Chang, S., & Wei, L. (2020). Does being mindful make people more creative at work? The role of creative process engagement and perceived leader humility. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 159, 39-48.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Chiniara, M., & Bentein, K. (2016). Linking servant leadership to individual performance: Differentiating the mediating role of autonomy, competence and relatedness need satisfaction. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 124-141.
Chiniara, M., & Bentein, K. (2018). The servant leadership advantage: When perceiving low differentiation in leader-member relationship quality influences team cohesion, team task performance and service OCB. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(2), 333-345.
Crawford, N., & Johns, S. (2018). An academic’s role? Supporting student wellbeing in pre-university enabling programs. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 15(3).
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of management, 31(6), 874-900.
Costa, C. G., Zhou, Q., & Ferreira, A. I. (2018). The impact of anger on creative process engagement: The role of social contexts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(4), 495-506.
De Luque, M. S., Washburn, N. T., Waldman, D. A., & House, R. J. (2008). Unrequited profit: How stakeholder and economic values relate to subordinates' perceptions of leadership and firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(4), 626-654.
Dhillon, S. K., Ibrahim, R., & Selamat, A. (2015). Factors associated with scholarly publication productivity among academic staff: Case of a Malaysian public university. Technology in Society, 42, 160-166.
Donia, M. B., Raja, U., Panaccio, A., & Wang, Z. (2016). Servant leadership and employee outcomes: The moderating role of subordinates’ motives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(5), 722-734.
Drew, G. (2010). Issues and challenges in higher education leadership: Engaging for change. The Australian educational researcher, 37(3), 57-76.
Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit?level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
Ehrhart, M. G., & Klein, K. J. (2001). Predicting followers' preferences for charismatic leadership: The influence of follower values and personality. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(2), 153-179.
Esen, M., Bellibas, M. S., & Gumus, S. (2018). The evolution of leadership research in higher education for two decades (1995-2014): A bibliometric and content analysis. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 23(3), 259-273.
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111-132.
Faraz, N. A., Mughal, M. F., Ahmed, F., Raza, A., & Iqbal, M. K. (2019). The impact of servant leadership on employees’ innovative work behaviour-mediating role of psychological empowerment. Int. J. Manag. Sci. Bus. Adm, 5(11).
Fuller, C. M., Simmering, M. J., Atinc, G., Atinc, Y., & Babin, B. J. (2016). Common methods variance detection in business research. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3192-3198.
George, J. M. (2007). Creativity in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 439-477.
Ghabban, F., Selamat, A., & Ibrahim, R. (2018). New model for encouraging academic staff in Saudi universities to use IT for knowledge sharing to improve scholarly publication performance. Technology in Society, 55, 92-99.
Giambatista, R., McKeage, R., & Brees, J. (2020). Cultures of Servant Leadership and Their Impact. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 13(1), 12.
Gonaim, F. A. (2019). Leadership in Higher Education in Saudi Arabia: Benefits, Constraints and Challenges of Adopting Servant Leadership Model by Department Chairs. International Journal of Education and Practice, 7(2), 101-111.
Graham, A. T. (2015). Academic staff performance and workload in higher education in the UK: the conceptual dichotomy. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 39(5), 665-679.
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 327-347.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2 ed.). Sage Publications.
Hellriegel, D., Jackson, S. E., & Slocum, J. W. (1999). Management. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College.
Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? A meta-analysis. Journal of management, 44(2), 501-529.
Hon, A. H., & Lui, S. S. (2016). Employee creativity and innovation in organizations: Review, integration, and future directions for hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Hu, J., & Liden, R. C. (2011). Antecedents of team potency and team effectiveness: An examination of goal and process clarity and servant leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 851.
Huang, J., Li, W., Qiu, C., Yim, F. H.-k., & Wan, J. (2016). The impact of CEO servant leadership on firm performance in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Huning, T. M., Hurt, K. J., & Frieder, R. E. (2020). The effect of servant leadership, perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and job embeddedness on turnover intentions: An empirical investigation. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship,
Hunter, E. M., Neubert, M. J., Perry, S. J., Witt, L., Penney, L. M., & Weinberger, E. (2013). Servant leaders inspire servant followers: Antecedents and outcomes for employees and the organization. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(2), 316-331.
IMD. (2022). IMD World competitiveness Yearbook 2022. International Institute for Management Development (IMD), World Competitiveness Center. Retrieved 21 July, 2022 from https://www.imd.org/centers/world-competitiveness-center/publications/
Iqbal, A., Latif, K. F., & Ahmad, M. S. (2020). Servant leadership and employee innovative behaviour: exploring psychological pathways. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 813-827.
Jaiswal, N. K., & Dhar, R. L. (2020). Transformational Leadership, Servant Leadership, and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(2), 261-275.
Jameel, A. S., & Ahmad, A. R. (2020). Factors impacting research productivity of academic staff at the Iraqi higher education system. International Business Education Journal, 13(1), 108-126.
Jaramillo, F., Bande, B., & Varela, J. (2015). Servant leadership and ethics: A dyadic examination of supervisor behaviors and salesperson perceptions. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 108-124.
Jia, K., Zhu, T., Zhang, W., Rasool, S. F., Asghar, A., & Chin, T. (2022). The linkage between ethical leadership, well-being, work engagement, and innovative work behavior: the empirical evidence from the higher education sector of China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(9), 5414.
Jouda, A. A., Ahmad, U. N. U., & Dahleez, K. A. (2016). The impact of human resource management practices on employees performance: The case of Islamic University of Gaza in Palestine. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(4), 1080-1088.
Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 89-106.
Kell, H. J., Motowidlo, S. J., Martin, M. P., Stotts, A. L., & Moreno, C. A. (2014). Testing for independent effects of prosocial knowledge and technical knowledge on skill and performance. Human Performance, 27(4), 311-327.
Kenny, J. (2017). Academic work and performativity. Higher Education, 74(5), 897-913.
Khan, M. (2016). Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. Defence Journal, 119(11), 36-42.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed ed.). The Guilford Press.
Komarraju, M., Musulkin, S., & Bhattacharya, G. (2010). Role of student–faculty interactions in developing college students' academic self-concept, motivation, and achievement. Journal of college student development, 51(3), 332-342.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Lerner, D., de Vet, H. C., & van der Beek, A. J. (2016). Cross-cultural adaptation of the individual work performance questionnaire. Work, 53(3), 609-619.
KSA. (2016a). National Transformation Program 2020. http://vision2030.gov.sa/sites/default/files/NTP_En.pdf
KSA. (2016b). Saudi Vision 2030. Retrieved 14/9/2018, from vision2030.gov.sa/download/file/fid/417
Kumar, N., Jin, Y., & Liu, Z. (2024). The nexus between servant leadership and employee's creative deviance for creativity inside learning and performance goal-oriented organizations. Management Decision, 62(4), 1117-1137.
Lance, C. E., Teachout, M. S., & Donnelly, T. M. (1992). Specification of the criterion construct space: An application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(4), 437.
Lew, T. (2009). Perceived Organizational Support: Linking Human Resource Management Practices with Affective Organizational Commitment, Professional Commitment and Turnover Intention. Journal of International Management Studies, 4(2), 104-115.
Li, C.-R., Yang, Y., Lin, C.-J., & Liu, J. (2020). The complex within-person relationship between individual creative expression and subsequent creative process engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(6), 822-840.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., & Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of management journal, 57(5), 1434-1452.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254-269.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177.
Ligon, G. S., Graham, K. A., Edwards, A., Osburn, H. K., & Hunter, S. T. (2012). Performance management: Appraising performance, providing feedback, and developing for creativity. In Handbook of organizational creativity (pp. 633-666). Elsevier.
LiLin, W. (2018). Factors affecting the job performance of employees at work place in the higher education sector of China. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(1), 219-223.
Ling, Q., Lin, M., & Wu, X. (2016). The trickle-down effect of servant leadership on frontline employee service behaviors and performance: A multilevel study of Chinese hotels. Tourism Management, 52, 341-368.
Ling, Q., Liu, F., & Wu, X. (2017). Servant versus authentic leadership: Assessing effectiveness in China’s hospitality industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(1), 53-68.
Linuesa-Langreo, J., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Elche-Hortelano, D. (2017). New strategies in the new millennium: Servant leadership as enhancer of service climate and customer service performance. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 786.
Liu, D., Liao, H., & Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity. Academy of management journal, 55(5), 1187-1212.
Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Fu, P. P., & Mao, Y. (2013). Ethical leadership and job performance in C hina: The roles of workplace friendships and traditionality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 564-584.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2015). Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford University Press, USA.
Mathew, V. (2010). Service delivery through knowledge management in higher education. Journal of knowledge Management practice, 11(3), 1-14.
Maxham III, J. G., Netemeyer, R. G., & Lichtenstein, D. R. (2008). The retail value chain: linking employee perceptions to employee performance, customer evaluations, and store performance. Marketing Science, 27(2), 147-167.
MoH. (2020). List of academic staff in the KSA public universities. Ministry of Education. Retrieved 18 November from https://moe.gov.sa/ar/knowledgecenter/dataandstats/edustatdata/Pages/HigherEduStat.aspx
Motowidlo, S. J., & Kell, H. J. (2013). Job performance. In Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition (Vol. 12, pp. 82-103). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118133880.hop212005
Muda, H., Ali, M. H., & Jusoh, M. (2017). Measuring teaching and learning performance in higher education. International Journal of Education, 2(6), 57-70.
Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter?Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 91-122.
Murphy, K., & Kroeker, L. (1988). Dimensions of job performance (NPRDC TN 88-39). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.
Neubert, M. J., Hunter, E. M., & Tolentino, R. C. (2016). A servant leader and their stakeholders: When does organizational structure enhance a leader's influence? The Leadership Quarterly, 27(6), 896-910.
Neubert, M. J., Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., Chonko, L. B., & Roberts, J. A. (2008). Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1220.
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49-62.
Ng, I. C., & Forbes, J. (2009). Education as service: The understanding of university experience through the service logic. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 19(1), 38-64.
Nohria, N., & Khurana, R. (2010). Handbook of leadership theory and practice. Harvard Business Press.
Nordin, N. (2012). Assessing emotional intelligence, leadership behaviour and organizational commitment in a higher learning institution. Procedia-Social and behavioral sciences, 56, 643-651.
Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership: Theory and practice. SAGE Publications.
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of management journal, 39(3), 607-634.
Overstreet, R. E., Hazen, B. T., Skipper, J. B., & Hanna, J. B. (2014). Bridging the gap between strategy and performance: Using leadership style to enable structural elements. Journal of Business Logistics, 35(2), 136-149.
Ozyilmaz, A., & Cicek, S. S. (2015). How does servant leadership affect employee attitudes, behaviors, and psychological climates in a for-profit organizational context? Journal of Management & Organization, 21(3), 263-290.
Panaccio, A., Henderson, D. J., Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Cao, X. (2015). Toward an understanding of when and why servant leadership accounts for employee extra-role behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(4), 657-675.
Piyathasanan, B., Mathies, C., Patterson, P. G., & de Ruyter, K. (2018). Continued value creation in crowdsourcing from creative process engagement. Journal of Services Marketing, 32(1), 19-33.
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
Putranta, M. P. (2020). Attitudes Toward a Code of Ethics: a Comparison between Academic and Non-Academic Staff. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 35(2), 243-257.
Qasim, M., Rizvi, T. H., & Irshad, M. (2020). Impact of ethical leadership on task performance and organizational citizenship behavior: moderating role of islamic work ethics. Journal of Management and Research, 7(2), 166-193.
QS. (2022). QS World University Rankings 2022: Top global universities. Retrieved 12 May, 2022 from https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022
Ren, L., & Shen, H. (2024). The relationship between servant leadership and team innovation performance: Mediating effect of self-efficacy. Heliyon, 10(6).
Roe, R. A. (1999a). Work performance: A multiple regulation perspective. In International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 231–335). C.L. Cooper & I.T. Robertson (Eds).
Roe, R. A. (1999b). Work performance: A multiple regulation perspective. International review of industrial and organizational psychology, 14, 231–336.
Rollins, T., & Fruge, M. (1992). Performance dimensions: competencies with a twist. Training, 29(1), 47-51.
Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66.
Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, P. (2020). How and when servant leaders fuel creativity: The role of servant attitude and intrinsic motivation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102537.
Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. S., & Peng, A. C. (2011). Cognition-based and affect-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influences on team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 863.
Schultz, A. B., Chen, C.-Y., & Edington, D. W. (2009). The cost and impact of health conditions on presenteeism to employers. Pharmacoeconomics, 27(5), 365-378.
Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Cooper, B., & Eva, N. (2016). Servant leadership and follower job performance: The mediating effect of public service motivation. Public Administration, 94(4), 1025-1041.
Scimago. (2021). List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles. Scimago Index, Powered by Scopus. Retrieved July 21, 2022 from https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2021
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of management journal, 37(3), 580-607.
Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.
Shalley, C. E., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2001). Effects of social-psychological factors on creative performance: The role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 84(1), 1-22.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of management, 30(6), 933-958.
Shareef, R. A., & Atan, T. (2019). The influence of ethical leadership on academic employees’ organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intention: Mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Management Decision, 57(3), 583-605.
Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Academy of management journal, 46(6), 703-714.
Singh, O., & Singh, S. K. (2015). Quality of work life of teachers working in higher educational institutions: A strategic approach towards teacher’s excellence. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 3(9), 180-186.
Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J., & Spychala, A. (2008). Job performance. The Sage handbook of organizational behavior, 1, 427-447.
SPA. (2022). Saudi universities contribute 93% of the kingdom’s scientific research. Scimago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved July 21, 2022 from https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2347206
Tantawy, M., Herbert, K., McNally, J. J., Mengel, T., Piperopoulos, P., & Foord, D. (2021). Bringing creativity back to entrepreneurship education: Creative self-efficacy, creative process engagement, and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 15(e00239), 1-8.
Thao, N. P. H., & Kang, S.-W. (2018). Servant leadership and follower creativity via competence: A moderated mediation role of perceived organisational support. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2011). Creative self-efficacy development and creative performance over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 277.
Tuan, L. T. (2020). Environmentally-specific servant leadership and green creativity among tourism employees: Dual mediation paths. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 86-109.
Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of management, 37(4), 1228-1261.
Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Assessment of individual job performance: A review of the past century and a look ahead. Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, 1, 110-126.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216-226.
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 517.
Walumbwa, F. O., Muchiri, M. K., Misati, E., Wu, C., & Meiliani, M. (2018). Inspired to perform: A multilevel investigation of antecedents and consequences of thriving at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 249-261.
Wang, J., Kim, H.-R., & Kim, B.-J. (2021). From Ethical Leadership to Team Creativity: The Mediating Role of Shared Leadership and the Moderating Effect of Leader–Member Exchange Differentiation. Sustainability, 13(20), 11280.
Wang, W., Kang, S.-W., & Choi, S. B. (2022). Servant Leadership and Creativity: A Study of the Sequential Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Employee Well-Being. Frontiers in psychology, 6670.
Wang, Z., Xu, H., & Liu, Y. (2018). Servant leadership as a driver of employee service performance: Test of a trickle-down model and its boundary conditions. Human relations, 71(9), 1179-1203.
Wikhamn, W. (2019). Innovation, sustainable HRM and customer satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 102-110.
Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(4), 570.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of management, 17(3), 601-617.
Williams, W. A., Brandon, R.-S., Hayek, M., Haden, S. P., & Atinc, G. (2017). Servant leadership and followership creativity: The influence of workplace spirituality and political skill. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(2), 178–193.
Wisecarver, M. M., Carpenter, T. D., & Kilcullen, R. N. (2007). Capturing interpersonal performance in a latent performance model. Military Psychology, 19(2), 83-101.
Yang, J., Liu, H., & Gu, J. (2017). A multi-level study of servant leadership on creativity: The roles of self-efficacy and power distance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Yoshida, D. T., Sendjaya, S., Hirst, G., & Cooper, B. (2014). Does servant leadership foster creativity and innovation? A multi-level mediation study of identification and prototypicality. Journal of Business Research, 67(7), 1395-1404.
Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in Organizations. Pearson/Prentice Hall. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=WHyPQgAACAAJ
Zacher, H., & Johnson, E. (2015). Leadership and creativity in higher education. Studies in higher education, 40(7), 1210-1225.
Zada, M., Zada, S., Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zhang, Y. J., Vega-Muñoz, A., & Salazar-Sepúlveda, G. (2022). Does servant leadership control psychological distress in crisis? Moderation and mediation mechanism. Psychology research and behavior management, 15, 607.
Zada, S., Khan, J., Zada, M., Saeed, I., & Jun, Z. Y. (2023). Does servant leadership enhance employee creativity and performance?: Mediating role of knowledge sharing and moderating the role of Self-Efficacy. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC), 35(1), 1-24.
Zhou, J. (2021). Building a Systematic Program of Research into Employee Creativity and Innovation. A Journey Toward Influential Scholarship: Insights from Leading Management Scholars, 162.
Zou, W.-C., Tian, Q., & Liu, J. (2015). Servant leadership, social exchange relationships, and follower's helping behavior: Positive reciprocity belief matters. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 51, 147-156.
N, A. T. M., Rahman, S. A. P. A., & Ibrahim, A. (2025). Influence of Servant Leadership and Employee Creativity on Academicians’ Work Performance in Higher Education Institutions of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(3), 967-1002.
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Published by HRMARS (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode