ISSN: 2222-6990
Open access
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water quality, particularly the heavy metal parameters, at five former tin mining sites that have been used as recreational lakes: Lake Lahat, Lake Kg. Temiang, Lake Kg. Tengku Hussein, Lake Gunung Lang and Lake Taman Indah. The heavy metal parameters tested were arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The method of testing used laboratory analyses and water sample observations for 12 months between September 2015 and August 2016. Heavy metal parameters were compared with the standards published by the Department of Environment (DOE) and the Ministry of Health (MOH) to determine the quality of the lakes water. The results of the analyses showed that all of the lakes contained high concentrations of Pb compared to other metals. The amount of Pb detected in the lakes from highest to lowest concentration was Lake Kg. Tengku Hussein (1.08 mg/l), Lake Kg. Temiang (0.99 mg/l), Lake Lahat (0.96 mg/l), Lake Taman Indah (0.78 mg/l) and Lake Gunung Lang (0.60 mg/l). The metal readings of As, Cu and Zn metals were below the standards set by the DOE and MOH. Periodic research and monitoring of water quality by the Ipoh City Council (MBI) should be given attention so that the quality of the lake water, especially in relation to heavy metal elements, is under control which makes recreational water activities involving water contact are safe for the visitors’
Abdullah, M. H. (2012). Principles in water analysis for environmental science. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah Press.
Ahmad, M. I. (2004). Pembangunan Malaysia dahulu hingga kini. Selangor: Pustaka Mawar. (in Malay)
Alina, M., Azrina, A., Yunus, M. A. S., Zakiuddin, M., Effendi, M. I., & Rizal, M. R. (2012). Heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, plumbum) in selected marine fish and shellfish along the Straits of Malacca. International Food Research Journal, 19(1), 135-140.
APHA (American Water Works Association & Water Environment Federation). (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd Ed. Washington, D.C.: APHA, the American Water Works Association & the Water Environment Federation.
Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., M., & Yusoff, I. (2013). Evaluation of natural phytoremediation process occurring at ex-tin mining catchment. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 40(2), 198-213.
Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., & Yusoff, I. (2010). Study of water quality and heavy metals in soil & water of ex-mining area Bestari Jaya, Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10(3), 7-23.
Draghici, C., Jelescu, C., Dima, C., Coman, G., & Chirila, E. (2010). Heavy metals determination in environmental and biological samples. Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution and Effects on Child Mental Development, 1, 145-158.
Duruibe, J. O., Ogwuegbu, M. O. C., & Egwurugwu, J. N. (2007). Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(5), 112-118.
Environmental Analysis of Quebec. (2009). Methods for taking, preserving and analyzing samples to monitor the water quality of pools and other artificial reservoirs. Retrieved http://www.ceaeq.gouv.qc.ca/documents/publications/echantillonnage/piscines_bassinsart_en.pdf, 15 June 2015.
Gonzales, C. M., & Armenta, M. M. (2008). Heavy metals: Implications associated to fish consumption. Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology, 26(3), 263-271.
Harrison, A. P., Cattani, H., & Turfa, J. M. (2009). Metallurgy, environmental pollution and the decline of Etruscan civilization. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 17(1), 165-180.
Hasmah, A. (2011). Logam berat dan kesihatan manusia. In. Haliza Abdul Rahman & Rapeah Suppian (eds.), Persekitaran dan kesihatan masyarakat (pp.113-133). Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. (in Malay)
Jomora, K., & Valko, M. (2011). Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease.Toxicology, 283(2-3), 65-87.
Mahmud. (2005). Kajian penspesiesan dan ketoksikan logam dalam sistem akuatik tasik bekas lombong bijih timah menggunakan model unjuran (Unpublished doctoral tesis). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia. (in Malay)
Ramlan, M. N. (1998). Logam berat di alam sekitar: Punca dan kesan pencemaran. Shah Alam: Percetakan ITM. (in Malay)
Spitz, K., & Trudinger, J. (2008). Mining and the environment from ore to metal. UK: Taylor & Francis Group.
Tokar, E. J., Benbrahim, T. L., & Waalkes M. P. (2011). Metal ions in human cancer development. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 8, 375-401.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Basic information about lead in drinking water. Retrieved http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lead.cfm, 10 February 2015.
Vieira, C., Morais, S., Ramos, S., Delerue-Matos, C., & Oliveira, M. B. (2011). Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species from the Atlantic Ocean: Intra- and inter-specific variability and human health risks for consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(4), 923-932.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2011a). Arsenic in drinking water. Retrieved http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health /dwq/chemicals/ arsenic.pdf., 23 June 2015.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2011b). Lead in drinking water. Retrieved http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals /lead.pdf., 23 Jun 2015.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2004). Copper
In-Text Citation: (Hashim et al., 2018)
To Cite this Article: Hashim, M., Shiang, W. F., Said, Z. M., Nayan, N., Mahat, H., & Saleh, Y. (2018). An Analysis of Heavy Metals in Lakes of Former Tin Mining Sites in the City of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(2), 673–683.
Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s)
Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com)
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode