Journal Screenshot

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Open Access Journal

ISSN: 2222-6990

Brand Management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from Stakeholder Theory Perspective

Samira Raki, Mahani Mohammad Abdu Shakur

http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i7/4376

Open access

Branding in SMEs setting has received a significant interest from academic researchers. However, the majority of studies took a single stakeholder approach, although multiple stakeholders are of major importance in managing brands. Thus, this study aims to provide a conceptual framework grounded in stakeholder theory to extend the understanding of SME branding. To do so, the paper reviews the literature from peer-reviewed journals with a focus on branding in SMEs context. The review covers online papers published within the period of 2008-2018. Along with the highlighting of significant progress of research on SME branding, the review reveals three categories of outcomes: 1) Methodological and contextual findings, 2) Frameworks and guidelines for building strong SMEs, and 3) General evidence and issues. Furthermore, this study finds out that most of the conducted researches are of exploratory nature and anticipates that a stakeholder-oriented SME would perform better from branding standpoint. Therefore, this study recommends carrying out more studies on SME branding with a focus on multiple stakeholders and varying the research approach (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods). Finally, this study advances the literature by underlining the research general and methodological issues and proposing a conceptual framework linking SME branding field with stakeholder theory.

Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California management review, 38(3), 102.
Abimbola, T. (2001). Branding as a competitive strategy for demand management in SMEs. Journal of research in marketing and entrepreneurship, 3(2), 97-106.
Abrahams, D. (2016). Brand risk: adding risk literacy to brand management. CRC Press.
Agostini, L., Filippini, R., & Nosella, A. (2014). Corporate and product brands: do they improve SMEs' performance?. Measuring Business Excellence, 18(1), 78-91.
Agostini, L., Filippini, R., & Nosella, A. (2015). Brand?building efforts and their association with SME sales performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(S1), 161-173.
Ahmad, N., & Iqbal, N. (2013). The impact of market orientation and brand orientation on strengthening brand performance: An insight from the beverage industry of Pakistan. International review of management and business research, 2(1), 128.
Ahonen, M. (2008). Branding-does it even exist among SMEs. In Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference on Small Business Research (Vol. 202).
American Marketing Association. (2018). American Marketing Association Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.ama.org/resources/Pages/Dictionary.aspx?dLetter=B
Anees-ur-Rehman, M. (2014). Clarifying the Brand Orientation Construct for Business-to- Business Sector. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(12), 62-73.
Anees-ur-Rehman, M., Wong, H. Y., & Hossain, M. (2016). The progression of brand orientation literature in twenty years: A systematic literature review. Journal of Brand Management, 23(6), 612-630.
Anisimova, T. (2014). Benchmarking desired corporate brand image in relation to stakeholders: a managerial perspective. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 17(4), 441-463.
Aoun, I., & Tournois, L. (2015). Building holistic brands: an exploratory study of Halal cosmetics. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 6(1), 109-132.
Asamoah, E. S. (2014). Customer based brand equity (CBBE) and the competitive performance of SMEs in Ghana. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 21(1), 117-131.
Balmer, J. T. (2013). Corporate brand orientation: What is it? What of it?. Journal of Brand Management, 20, (9), 723–741.
Baumgarth, C. (2010). Living the brand: brand orientation in the business-to-business sector. European Journal of Marketing, 44(5), 653-671.
Berthon, P., Ewing, M. T., & Napoli, J. (2008). Brand management in small to medium?sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(1), 27-45.
Birnik, A., Birnik, A., & Sheth, J. (2010). The branding challenges of Asian manufacturing firms. Business Horizon, 53, 523-532.
Boyle, E. (2003). A study of entrepreneurial brand building in the manufacturing sector in the UK. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 12(2), 79-93.
Bresciani, S., & Eppler, M. J. (2010). Brand new ventures? Insights on start-ups' branding practices. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(5), 356-366.
Burmann, C., Zeplin, S., & Riley, N. (2009). Key determinants of internal brand management success: An exploratory empirical analysis. Journal of Brand Management, 16(4), 264-284.
Carson, D. (1990). Some exploratory models for assessing small firms? marketing performance (A qualitative approach). European journal of marketing, 24(11), 8-51.
Centeno, E., & Hart, S. (2012). The use of communication activities in the development of small to medium-sized enterprise brands. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(2), 250-265.)
Centeno, E., Hart, S., & Dinnie, K. (2013). The five phases of SME brand-building. Journal of Brand Management, 20(6), 445-457
Chiambaretto, P., & Gur?u, C. (2017). David by Goliath: what is co-branding and what is in it for SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 31(1), 103-122.
Christmann, H., Alexander, A., & Wood, S. (2016). Exploring brand identity and entrepreneurship as drivers of small specialist retailer internationalisation: a German case study. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 26(2), 137-153.
Clarkson, M. E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of management review, 20(1), 92-117.
Conejo, F., & Wooliscroft, B. (2015). Brands defined as semiotic marketing systems. Journal of Macromarketing, 35(3), 287-301.
Coviello, N. E., Brodie, R. J., & Munro, H. J. (2000). An investigation of marketing practice by firm size. Journal of business venturing, 15(5-6), 523-545.
Darwish, S. (2014). The Role of Universities in Developing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Future Challenges for Bahrain. International Business and Management, 8(2), 70-77.
De Chernatony, L. (2001). A model for strategically building brands. Journal of Brand Management, 9(1), 32-44.
De Chernatony, L. (2009). Towards the holy grail of defining `brand'. Marketing Theory, 9(1), 101-105.
Erenkol, H. A. D., & Özta?, Y. B. B. (2015). Entrepreneurial Brand. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1138-1145.
Evans, J., Bridson, K., & Rentschler, R. (2012). Drivers, impediments and manifestations of brand orientation: An international museum study. European Journal of Marketing, 46(11/12), 1457-1475.
Fetscherin, M., Diamantopoulos, A., Chan, A., & Abbott, R. (2015). How are brand names of Chinese companies perceived by Americans?. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(2), 110-123.
Fiedler, L., & Kirchgeorg, M. (2007). The role concept in corporate branding and stakeholder management reconsidered: Are stakeholder groups really different?. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 177-188.
Forsman, H. (2008). Business development success in SMEs: a case study approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(3), 606-622.
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge university press.
Gilmore, A., Carson, D., & Grant, K. (2001). SME marketing in practice. Marketing intelligence & planning, 19(1), 6-11.
Gromark, J., & Melin, F. (2011). The underlying dimensions of brand orientation and its impact on financial performance. Journal of Brand Management, 18(6), 394-410.
Gundala, R. R., & Khawaja, H. (2014). Brand management in small and medium enterprise: Evidence from Dubai, UAE.
Harris, F., & De Chernatony, L. (2001). Corporate branding and corporate brand performance. European Journal of marketing, 35(3/4), 441-456.
Hirvonen, S., & Laukkanen, T. (2013). Brand orientation in small firms: an empirical test of the impact on brand performance. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 22(1), 41-58.
Hirvonen, S., Laukkanen, T., & Reijonen, H. (2013). The brand orientation-performance relationship: An examination of moderation effects. Journal of Brand Management, 20(8), 623-641.
Hislop, M. (2001). An overview of branding and brand measurement for online marketers. Dynamic Logic's Branding, 101, 1-22.
Horan, G., O’Dwyer, M., & Tiernan, S. (2011). Exploring management perspectives of branding in service SMEs. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(2), 114-21.
Horváth, C., & Birgelen, M. V. (2015). The role of brands in the behavior and purchase decisions of compulsive versus noncompulsive buyers. European Journal of Marketing, 49(1/2), 2-21.
Interbrand. (2017). Best Global Brands 2017. Retrieved from https://www.interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2017/ranking/
Jocumsen, G. (2004). How do small business managers make strategic marketing decisions? A model of process. European journal of marketing, 38(5/6), 659-674.
Jones, R. (2005). Finding sources of brand value: Developing a stakeholder model of brand equity. Journal of brand management, 13(1), 10-32.
Jueterbock, D. M. (2012). The Influence of Brand Personality in the Relationship of Ambush Marketing and Brand Attitude. Diplomarbeiten Agentur.
Juntunen, M., Saraniemi, S., Halttu, M., & Tähtinen, J. (2010). Corporate brand building in different stages of small business growth. Journal of Brand Management, 18(2), 115-133.
Kay, M. J. (2006). Strong brands and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7/8), 742-760.
Khan, H., & Ede, D. (2009). How do not-for-profit SMEs attempt to develop a strong brand in an increasingly saturated market? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(2), 335-354.
Kapferer, J. N. (2002). Is there really no hope for local brands? Journal of Brand Management, 9(3), 163-170.
Kapferer, J. N. (2004). The new strategic brand management. Kogan Page.
Keller, K. L. (2013). Building, measuring, and managing brand equity.
Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. the Journal of Marketing, 1-22.
Keller, K. L., & Lehmann, D. R. (2006). Brands and branding: Research findings and future priorities. Marketing science, 25(6), 740-759.
Kennedy, B., & Wright, A. (2016). Micro & Small Enterprises in Ireland: A Brand Management Perspective. Business and Economic Research, 6(1), 381-402.
Kohli, A. K., & Jaworski, B. J. (1990). Market orientation: the construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. The Journal of Marketing, 1-18.
Krake, F. B. (2005). Successful brand management in SMEs: a new theory and practical hints. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(4), 228-238.
Krüger, R., & Stumpf, A. (2013). Brand growth barriers: Identify, understand, and overcome them. Springer Science & Business Media.
Lassen, P., Kunde, J., & Gioia, C. (2008). Creating a clearly differentiated SME brand profile: The case of Montana A/S. Journal of Brand Management, 16(1-2), 92-104.
Madden, T. J., Fehle, F., & Fournier, S. (2006). Brands Matter: An Empirical Demonstration of the Creation of Shareholder Value Through Branding. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), 224–235.
Magnusson, P., Haas, S. M., & Zhao, H. (2008). A branding strategy for emerging market firms entering developed markets. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 20(3-4), 95-107.
Maignan, I., Ferrell, O. C., & Ferrell, L. (2005). A stakeholder model for implementing social responsibility in marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10), 956-977.
Mäläskä, M., Saraniemi, S., & Tähtinen, J. (2011). Network actors' participation in B2B SME branding. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(7), 1144-1152.
Maurya, U. K., Mishra, P., Anand, S., & Kumar, N. (2015). Corporate identity, customer orientation and performance of SMEs: Exploring the linkages. IIMB Management review, 27(3), 159-174.
Merrilees, B., Miller, D., & Herington, C. (2012). Multiple stakeholders and multiple city brand meanings. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), 1032-1047.
Merrilees, B., & Miller, D. (2008). Principles of corporate rebranding. european Journal of Marketing, 42(5/6), 537-552.
Merrilees, B., Rundle-Thiele, S., & Lye, A. (2011). Marketing capabilities: Antecedents and implications for B2B SME performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(3), 368-375.
Mitchell, R., Hutchinson, K., & Bishop, S. (2012). Interpretation of the retail brand: an SME perspective. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 40(2), 157-175.
Mitchell, R., Hutchinson, K., & Quinn, B. (2013). Brand management in small and medium-sized (SME) retailers: A future research agenda. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(11-12), 1367-1393.
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of management review, 22(4), 853-886.
Moore, K., & Reid, S. (2008). The birth of brand: 4000 years of branding. Business History, 50(4), 419-432.
Morsing, M., & Kristensen, J. (2002). The question of coherency in corporate branding–over time and across stakeholders. Journal of Communication Management, 6(1), 24-40.
Mowle, J., & Merrilees, B. (2005). A functional and symbolic perspective to branding Australian SME wineries. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(4), 220-227.
Muhonen, T., Hirvonen, S., & Laukkanen, T. (2017). SME brand identity: its components, and performance effects. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 26(1), 52-67.
Sanyal, N. S., Datta, S. K., & Banerjee, A. K. (2013). Conceptualisation of branding: strategy based on the Indian pharma sector. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 7(2), 175-198.
Odoom, R. (2016). Brand-building efforts in high and low performing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 1229-1246.
Odoom, R., Narteh, B., & Boateng, R. (2017). Branding in small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) Current issues and research avenues. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 20(1), 68-89.
Ojasalo, J., Natti, S., & Olkkonen, R. (2008). Brand building in software SMEs: an empirical study. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 17(2), 92-107.
Polonsky, M. J., & Scott, D. (2005). An empirical examination of the stakeholder strategy matrix. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10), 1199-1215.
Reijonen, H. (2010). Do all SMEs practice same kind of marketing?. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(2), 279-293.
Reijonen, H., Hirvonen, S., Nagy, G., Laukkanen, T., & Gabrielsson, M. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurial orientation on B2B branding and business growth in emerging markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 51, 35-46.
Reijonen, H., Laukkanen, T., Komppula, R., Tuominen, S. (2012). Are Growing SMEs More Market-Oriented and Brand-Oriented?. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(4), 699-716.
Reijonen, H., Párdány, S., Tuominen, S., Laukkanen, T., Komppula, R. (2014). Are growth-oriented SMEs more likely to adopt market and brand orientations?. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 21(2), 250-265.
Renton, M., Daellenbach, U., Davenport, S., & James, E. R. (2016). Finding fit: An exploratory look at SME brand orientation and brand management in the New Zealand food and beverage sector. Journal of Brand Management, 1–17.
Resnick, S. M., Cheng, R., Simpson, M., & Lourenço, F. (2016). Marketing in SMEs: a “4Ps” self-branding model. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(1), 155-174.
Reynolds, S. J., Schultz, F. C., & Hekman, D. R. (2006). Stakeholder theory and managerial decision-making: Constraints and implications of balancing stakeholder interests. Journal of business ethics, 64(3), 285-301.
Roll, M. (2013). China branding: opportunities and challenges. Business Strategy Series, 9(5), 231-237.
Roy, D., & Banerjee, S. (2012). Strategic branding roadmap for SMEs operating in business-to-business sector: a study on Indian auto component sector. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 142-163.
Sandbacka, J., Nätti, S., & Tähtinen, J. (2013). Branding activities of a micro industrial services company. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(2), 166-177.
Schultz, D. E., & Barnes, B. E. (1999). Strategic brand communication campaigns. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books.
Spence, M., & Essoussi, L.H. (2008). SME brand building and management: an exploratory Study. European Journal of Marketing, 44 (7/8), 1037-1054.
Stern, B. B. (2006). What does brand mean? Historical-analysis method and construct definition. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), 216-223.
Tarnovskaya, V., & Biedenbach, G. (2016). Multiple stakeholders and B2B branding in emerging markets. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 19(3), 287-309.
Urde, M. (1994). Brand orientation–a strategy for survival. Journal of consumer marketing, 11(3), 18-32.
Urde, M. (1999), “Brand orientation: a mindset for building brands into strategic resources”, Journal of Marketing Management, 15 (1-3), 117-33.
Urde, M., & Koch, C. (2014),"Market and brand-oriented schools of positioning", Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(7), 478-490.
Vrontis, D., & Papasolomou, I. (2007). Brand and product building: the case of the Cyprus wine industry. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(3), 159-167.
Wallace, E., de Chernatony, L., & Buil, I. (2013). Service employee clusters in banking: Exploring Ind's typology considering behaviour, commitment and attitude about leadership. European Journal of Marketing, 47(11/12), 1781-1803.
Walsh, M. F., & Lipinski, J. (2009). The role of the marketing function in small and medium sized enterprises. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 16(4), 569-585.
Wong, H. Y., & Merrilees, B. (2005). A brand orientation typology for SMEs: a case research approach. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 14(3), 155-162.
Wood, L. (2000). Brands and brand equity: definition and management. Management decision, 38(9), 662-669.
Yieh, K., Yeh, C. H., Tseng, T. H., Wang, Y. S., & Wu, Y. T. (2018). An investigation of B-to-B brand value: evidence from manufacturing SMEs in Taiwan. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 1-18.
Yin, R. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage Publications, Inc, 5, 11.
Zinkhan, G. M., & Williams, B. C. (2007). The new American Marketing Association definition of marketing: An alternative assessment. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 26(2), 284-288.

In-Text Citation: (Raki & Shakur, 2018)
To Cite this Article: Raki, S., & Shakur, M. M. A. (2018). Brand Management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from Stakeholder Theory Perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(7), 392–409.